{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095495848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-020-10351-3","title":"Specialization in Hierarchical Learning Systems","display_name":"Specialization in Hierarchical Learning Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095495848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-020-10351-3","mag":"3095495848"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11063-020-10351-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-020-10351-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11063-020-10351-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140962798","display_name":"Neural Processing Letters","issn_l":"1370-4621","issn":["1370-4621","1573-773X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11063-020-10351-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Heinke Hihn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-3661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heinke Hihn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-3661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daniel A. Braun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-6652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel A. Braun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-6652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.2189,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84449105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"3","first_page":"2319","last_page":"2352"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.7178000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.7178000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.029899999499320984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.029100000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-intelligence","display_name":"Computational intelligence","score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5087000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.400299996137619}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7405999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5683000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5087000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4941999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988382989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370685","display_name":"Data space","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11063-020-10351-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-020-10351-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11063-020-10351-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140962798","display_name":"Neural Processing Letters","issn_l":"1370-4621","issn":["1370-4621","1573-773X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2011.01845","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.01845","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.01845","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11063-020-10351-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-020-10351-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11063-020-10351-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140962798","display_name":"Neural Processing Letters","issn_l":"1370-4621","issn":["1370-4621","1573-773X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2253221204","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ERC-StG-2015-ERC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5447885158","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project ID: 678082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095495848.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095495848.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W534311","https://openalex.org/W988357262","https://openalex.org/W1486056878","https://openalex.org/W1487708124","https://openalex.org/W1628829797","https://openalex.org/W1668344991","https://openalex.org/W1892018222","https://openalex.org/W1963581687","https://openalex.org/W1997318940","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2029029543","https://openalex.org/W2048269309","https://openalex.org/W2068238590","https://openalex.org/W2074499097","https://openalex.org/W2091118421","https://openalex.org/W2101692583","https://openalex.org/W2109820980","https://openalex.org/W2129905273","https://openalex.org/W2145680191","https://openalex.org/W2148962857","https://openalex.org/W2150884987","https://openalex.org/W2157201325","https://openalex.org/W2157581667","https://openalex.org/W2160931540","https://openalex.org/W2163119409","https://openalex.org/W2170789952","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194321275","https://openalex.org/W2211766770","https://openalex.org/W2239029832","https://openalex.org/W2264897026","https://openalex.org/W2346400664","https://openalex.org/W2487087946","https://openalex.org/W2735099849","https://openalex.org/W2776886510","https://openalex.org/W2801101267","https://openalex.org/W2842392729","https://openalex.org/W2889269551","https://openalex.org/W2889989645","https://openalex.org/W2905156237","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2934590717","https://openalex.org/W2938321354","https://openalex.org/W2963817734","https://openalex.org/W2964177217","https://openalex.org/W2964347220","https://openalex.org/W2964921297","https://openalex.org/W2966461828","https://openalex.org/W2982365882","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W4239048948","https://openalex.org/W4240035482","https://openalex.org/W4241649586","https://openalex.org/W6679338098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3132645524","https://openalex.org/W3011591403","https://openalex.org/W3022038857","https://openalex.org/W2907922678","https://openalex.org/W3183420623","https://openalex.org/W3198679646","https://openalex.org/W3192376003","https://openalex.org/W3210156800","https://openalex.org/W2973184394","https://openalex.org/W1518029699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Joining":[1],"multiple":[2,69],"decision-makers":[3,132],"together":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,41,159,181],"powerful":[7],"way":[8],"to":[9,17,48,84,114,131,146],"obtain":[10],"more":[11],"sophisticated":[12],"decision-making":[13,117],"systems,":[14],"but":[15,46],"requires":[16],"address":[18],"the":[19,65,76,109,112,141,144,152,174],"questions":[20],"of":[21,23,36,64,101,124,137,155,161],"division":[22],"labor":[24],"and":[25,96,168,179],"specialization.":[26,50],"We":[27,79,150],"investigate":[28],"in":[29,34,134,173,180],"how":[30],"far":[31],"information":[32],"constraints":[33],"hierarchies":[35],"experts":[37],"not":[38],"only":[39],"provide":[40],"principled":[42],"method":[43],"for":[44],"regularization":[45],"also":[47],"enforce":[49],"In":[51],"particular,":[52],"we":[53],"devise":[54],"an":[55,121],"information-theoretically":[56],"motivated":[57],"on-line":[58],"learning":[59,170,177],"rule":[60],"that":[61,71],"allows":[62],"partitioning":[63,89],"problem":[66],"space":[67],"into":[68],"sub-problems":[70],"can":[72],"be":[73],"solved":[74],"by":[75,119],"individual":[77,93],"experts.":[78],"demonstrate":[80],"two":[81],"different":[82],"ways":[83],"apply":[85],"our":[86,156],"method:":[87],"(i)":[88,107],"problems":[90,118,162],"based":[91,98],"on":[92,99,158],"data":[94,102],"samples":[95,103],"(ii)":[97,129],"sets":[100],"representing":[104],"tasks.":[105],"Approach":[106,128],"equips":[108,140],"system":[110,142],"with":[111,143],"ability":[113,145],"solve":[115,147],"complex":[116],"finding":[120],"optimal":[122],"combination":[123],"local":[125],"expert":[126],"decision-makers.":[127],"leads":[130],"specialized":[133],"solving":[135],"families":[136],"tasks,":[138],"which":[139],"meta-learning":[148,182],"problems.":[149],"show":[151],"broad":[153],"applicability":[154],"approach":[157],"range":[160],"including":[163],"classification,":[164],"regression,":[165],"density":[166],"estimation,":[167],"reinforcement":[169],"problems,":[171],"both":[172],"standard":[175],"machine":[176],"setup":[178],"setting.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00"}
