{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157451828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-013-9370-0","title":"Amorphous computing: examples, mathematics and theory","display_name":"Amorphous computing: examples, mathematics and theory","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157451828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-013-9370-0","mag":"2157451828","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23946719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11047-013-9370-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-013-9370-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11047-013-9370-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149828480","display_name":"Natural Computing","issn_l":"1567-7818","issn":["1567-7818","1572-9796"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11047-013-9370-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043885475","display_name":"W. Richard Stark","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W. Richard Stark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5700 USA","Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620-5700, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5700 USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620-5700, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043885475"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.8282,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77957205,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"377","last_page":"392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13362","display_name":"Slime Mold and Myxomycetes Research","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-computation","display_name":"Theory of computation","score":0.8856197595596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/von-neumann-architecture","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","score":0.729224443435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicellular-organism","display_name":"Multicellular organism","score":0.6716116666793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-automaton","display_name":"Cellular automaton","score":0.6628812551498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.565730094909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5488071441650391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5484989881515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4665054678916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4465145170688629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-processing","display_name":"Information processing","score":0.4303687512874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2850443720817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2623513340950012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.1261424720287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.10945284366607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09763965010643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.095635324716568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24858836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844718","display_name":"Theory of computation","level":2,"score":0.8856197595596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80469333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189088","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","level":2,"score":0.729224443435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74318829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36458","display_name":"Multicellular organism","level":3,"score":0.6716116666793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35527583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189156","display_name":"Cellular automaton","level":2,"score":0.6628812551498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.565730094909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5488071441650391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5484989881515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4665054678916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4465145170688629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87868495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750843","display_name":"Information processing","level":2,"score":0.4303687512874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2850443720817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2623513340950012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1261424720287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.10945284366607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09763965010643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.095635324716568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11047-013-9370-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-013-9370-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11047-013-9370-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149828480","display_name":"Natural Computing","issn_l":"1567-7818","issn":["1567-7818","1572-9796"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23946719","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23946719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural computing","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.801.1691","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.801.1691","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/77/e6/11047_2013_Article_9370.PMC3740120.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2732904","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3740120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11047-013-9370-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-013-9370-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11047-013-9370-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149828480","display_name":"Natural Computing","issn_l":"1567-7818","issn":["1567-7818","1572-9796"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2157451828.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2157451828.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498909462","https://openalex.org/W1518682785","https://openalex.org/W1563514727","https://openalex.org/W1602756462","https://openalex.org/W1900491454","https://openalex.org/W1968191405","https://openalex.org/W1975858062","https://openalex.org/W1980661496","https://openalex.org/W1982248177","https://openalex.org/W1991951964","https://openalex.org/W1999333609","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2011632042","https://openalex.org/W2013138671","https://openalex.org/W2024235400","https://openalex.org/W2041905826","https://openalex.org/W2065927961","https://openalex.org/W2078479354","https://openalex.org/W2103339778","https://openalex.org/W2111132249","https://openalex.org/W2146942022","https://openalex.org/W2171311555","https://openalex.org/W2292996153","https://openalex.org/W2332237006","https://openalex.org/W2476096155","https://openalex.org/W2586889566","https://openalex.org/W2985338394","https://openalex.org/W2986180285","https://openalex.org/W3107032934","https://openalex.org/W4251912342","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963836821","https://openalex.org/W2522472446","https://openalex.org/W2145740829","https://openalex.org/W4281994149","https://openalex.org/W2166797439","https://openalex.org/W2805325890","https://openalex.org/W4247350725","https://openalex.org/W2132267912","https://openalex.org/W2149679937","https://openalex.org/W2095656517"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"cellular":[1],"automata":[2],"model":[3,48],"was":[4],"described":[5],"by":[6],"John":[7],"von":[8],"Neumann":[9],"and":[10,30,38,64],"his":[11],"friends":[12],"in":[13,22,51],"the":[14,35,59],"1950s":[15],"as":[16],"a":[17,46,70],"representation":[18],"of":[19,28],"information":[20,53],"processing":[21],"multicellular":[23,52],"tissue.":[24],"With":[25],"crystalline":[26],"arrays":[27],"cells":[29],"synchronous":[31],"activity,":[32],"it":[33],"missed":[34],"mark":[36],"(Stark":[37],"Hughes,":[39],"BioSystems":[40],"55:107-117,":[41],"2000).":[42],"Recently,":[43],"amorphous":[44],"computing,":[45],"valid":[47],"for":[49,73],"morphogenesis":[50],"processing,":[54],"has":[55],"begun":[56],"to":[57],"fill":[58],"void.":[60],"Through":[61],"simple":[62],"examples":[63],"elementary":[65],"mathematics,":[66],"this":[67,74],"paper":[68],"begins":[69],"computation":[71],"theory":[72],"important":[75],"new":[76],"direction.":[77]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
