{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2086027071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-006-9007-7","title":"Grammatical Swarm: The generation of programs by social programming","display_name":"Grammatical Swarm: The generation of programs by social programming","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2086027071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-006-9007-7","mag":"2086027071"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11047-006-9007-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-006-9007-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149828480","display_name":"Natural Computing","issn_l":"1567-7818","issn":["1567-7818","1572-9796"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001619292","display_name":"Michael O\u2019Neill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8734-417X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael O\u2019Neill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Computing Research and Applications Group,  University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Computing Research and Applications Group,  University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045190581","display_name":"Anthony Brabazon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8070-294X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Brabazon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Computing Research & Applications Group, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","Natural Computing Research and Applications Group,  University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Computing Research & Applications Group, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Computing Research and Applications Group,  University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001619292"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0886,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95991317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"443","last_page":"462"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.7261033058166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7081983685493469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammatical-evolution","display_name":"Grammatical evolution","score":0.6906784772872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.5831947922706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Multi-swarm optimization","score":0.5199047923088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5092929601669312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.504205584526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-landscape","display_name":"Fitness landscape","score":0.4901171624660492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.48721617460250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.4858088493347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-robotics","display_name":"Swarm robotics","score":0.4652795195579529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4499101936817169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaheuristic","display_name":"Metaheuristic","score":0.4467219412326813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-computation","display_name":"Theory of computation","score":0.4270499348640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3559478521347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2948506772518158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2023811638355255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11597517132759094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.10623025894165039}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.7261033058166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7081983685493469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10906938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5593687","display_name":"Grammatical evolution","level":3,"score":0.6906784772872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.5831947922706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122357587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934508","display_name":"Multi-swarm optimization","level":3,"score":0.5199047923088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5092929601669312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.504205584526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91852762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307742","display_name":"Fitness landscape","level":3,"score":0.4901171624660492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.48721617460250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.4858088493347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169337768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2446723","display_name":"Swarm robotics","level":3,"score":0.4652795195579529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4499101936817169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.4467219412326813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24858836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844718","display_name":"Theory of computation","level":2,"score":0.4270499348640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3559478521347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2948506772518158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2023811638355255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11597517132759094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.10623025894165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11047-006-9007-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-006-9007-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149828480","display_name":"Natural Computing","issn_l":"1567-7818","issn":["1567-7818","1572-9796"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Natural Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493111470","https://openalex.org/W1503370304","https://openalex.org/W1517016597","https://openalex.org/W1568906816","https://openalex.org/W1569757501","https://openalex.org/W1586193897","https://openalex.org/W1593481303","https://openalex.org/W1594104973","https://openalex.org/W2058513663","https://openalex.org/W2058727381","https://openalex.org/W2100604298","https://openalex.org/W2126554879","https://openalex.org/W2134909045","https://openalex.org/W2147525455","https://openalex.org/W2150884241","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2296218809","https://openalex.org/W4235721129","https://openalex.org/W4236047878","https://openalex.org/W6703967216"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065481307","https://openalex.org/W2605210233","https://openalex.org/W66727908","https://openalex.org/W3006865984","https://openalex.org/W1608608607","https://openalex.org/W4385213092","https://openalex.org/W2003947101","https://openalex.org/W2487304978","https://openalex.org/W2098048287","https://openalex.org/W4388850196"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-01-15T23:16:33.117629","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}