{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127086729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-21317-3","title":"Polished pixels: impact of AI compression on image-based evidence","display_name":"Polished pixels: impact of AI compression on image-based evidence","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127086729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-21317-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-026-21317-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-21317-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-026-21317-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-026-21317-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021117163","display_name":"Sandra Bergmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Bergmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT Security Infrastructure Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1780-7419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Security Infrastructure Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001561457","display_name":"Denise Moussa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-9198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denise Moussa","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT Security Infrastructure Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Security Infrastructure Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049250339","display_name":"Christian Rie\u00df","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5556-5338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Riess","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT Security Infrastructure Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Security Infrastructure Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021117163"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21568627,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"85","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.46630001068115234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.46630001068115234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.2603999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.043299999088048935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8187000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compression","display_name":"Compression (physics)","score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hallucinating","display_name":"Hallucinating","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iris-recognition","display_name":"Iris recognition","score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.4927999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg","display_name":"JPEG","score":0.4526999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compression-artifact","display_name":"Compression artifact","score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-compression","display_name":"Image compression","score":0.42820000648498535}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8633999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8187000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.661300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5932000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180016635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712821","display_name":"Compression (physics)","level":2,"score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911011789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130741","display_name":"Hallucinating","level":2,"score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112356035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1672722","display_name":"Iris recognition","level":3,"score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.4927999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198751489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2195","display_name":"JPEG","level":3,"score":0.4526999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57654395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097775","display_name":"Compression artifact","level":5,"score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13481523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412438","display_name":"Image compression","level":4,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67174900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Minutiae","level":4,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165021410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55564","display_name":"Lossy compression","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69216139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931783","display_name":"JPEG 2000","level":5,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019305177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509294","display_name":"Compression test","level":3,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779503344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5973514","display_name":"IRIS (biosensor)","level":3,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-026-21317-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-21317-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-026-21317-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open.fau.de:openfau/39054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://open.fau.de/handle/openfau/39054","pdf_url":"https://open.fau.de/bitstreams/17542602-8664-4447-a479-77aef2ab9433/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055110","display_name":"OPUS FAU - Online publication system of Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-026-21317-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-21317-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-026-21317-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320873","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127086729.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127086729.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W297909767","https://openalex.org/W1808603090","https://openalex.org/W1974821667","https://openalex.org/W1976208391","https://openalex.org/W2038147967","https://openalex.org/W2061763015","https://openalex.org/W2102796633","https://openalex.org/W2123327173","https://openalex.org/W2132287521","https://openalex.org/W2133719507","https://openalex.org/W2147970390","https://openalex.org/W2150959387","https://openalex.org/W2154576060","https://openalex.org/W2295683379","https://openalex.org/W2520363778","https://openalex.org/W2741483850","https://openalex.org/W2963149687","https://openalex.org/W2980221920","https://openalex.org/W3014840603","https://openalex.org/W3034469748","https://openalex.org/W3091266734","https://openalex.org/W3121062617","https://openalex.org/W3208790500","https://openalex.org/W4220944383","https://openalex.org/W4221069621","https://openalex.org/W4299117470","https://openalex.org/W4308097568","https://openalex.org/W4308235973","https://openalex.org/W4308237011","https://openalex.org/W4317555254","https://openalex.org/W4376464601","https://openalex.org/W4376607895","https://openalex.org/W4382053149","https://openalex.org/W4389474634","https://openalex.org/W4391306505","https://openalex.org/W4392028842","https://openalex.org/W4392061596","https://openalex.org/W4392472696","https://openalex.org/W4402916652","https://openalex.org/W4404295367","https://openalex.org/W4405599209","https://openalex.org/W4405845567","https://openalex.org/W4405845756","https://openalex.org/W4411377629"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Many":[1],"biometry":[2],"methods":[3,80],"extract":[4],"task-relevant":[5],"information":[6],"from":[7,16],"images.":[8,141],"In":[9],"forensic":[10],"applications,":[11],"these":[12,173],"images":[13,53,183],"may":[14,49,160],"stem":[15],"uncontrolled":[17],"sources":[18],"like":[19],"surveillance":[20],"cameras":[21],"in":[22,110,138,165,184],"the":[23,30,43,82,88,177,185],"wild.":[24,186],"Such":[25],"devices":[26],"oftentimes":[27],"strongly":[28],"compress":[29],"data,":[31],"which":[32,48],"can":[33],"significantly":[34],"complicate":[35],"biometric":[36,60,90,180],"tasks.":[37],"This":[38],"issue":[39],"is":[40,67],"exacerbated":[41],"by":[42],"emergence":[44],"of":[45,56,64,72,92,114],"AI":[46,73,78,86,104],"compression,":[47],"provide":[50],"visually":[51],"appealing":[52],"that":[54,145],"are":[55,132,150],"questionable":[57],"value":[58],"for":[59,182],"identification.":[61],"The":[62,122,163],"purpose":[63],"this":[65,166],"work":[66],"to":[68,152,172],"investigate":[69],"potential":[70],"pitfalls":[71],"compression.":[74],"We":[75,98],"evaluate":[76],"six":[77],"compression":[79,105,120],"including":[81],"recently":[83],"standardized":[84],"JPEG":[85],"on":[87,127],"four":[89],"modalities":[91],"irises,":[93],"fingerprints,":[94],"fabrics":[95],"and":[96,157,175],"tattoos.":[97],"qualitatively":[99],"show":[100,144],"multiple":[101],"cases":[102],"when":[103,130],"achieves":[106],"misleading":[107],"results.":[108],"Tattoos":[109],"particular":[111],"includes":[112],"misrepresentations":[113],"color":[115],"or":[116],"shapes":[117],"at":[118,169],"strong":[119],"rates.":[121],"quantitative":[123],"evaluation":[124],"shows":[125],"impact":[126],"recognition":[128],"rates":[129],"there":[131],"few":[133],"identifying":[134],"features,":[135],"such":[136],"as":[137],"low-resolution":[139],"iris":[140],"Further":[142],"results":[143],"compressors":[146],"with":[147],"MSE":[148],"loss":[149,159],"prone":[151],"omit":[153],"important":[154],"image":[155],"details,":[156],"MSE+LPIPS":[158],"hallucinate":[161],"features.":[162],"findings":[164],"paper":[167],"aim":[168],"raising":[170],"awareness":[171],"pitfalls,":[174],"aiding":[176],"development":[178],"robust":[179],"algorithms":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-08T06:56:09.383167","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
