{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124250008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-21276-9","title":"Deepfake detection using a distinctive eye signature and the entropy heat map of the image texture","display_name":"Deepfake detection using a distinctive eye signature and the entropy heat map of the image texture","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124250008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-21276-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-026-21276-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-21276-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104332627","display_name":"Elisabeth Tchaptchet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178331978","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Dschang","ror":"https://ror.org/0566t4z20","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth Tchaptchet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122723471","display_name":"Elie Fute Tagne","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144693123","display_name":"University of Buea","ror":"https://ror.org/041kdhz15","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144693123"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178331978","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Dschang","ror":"https://ror.org/0566t4z20","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elie Fute Tagne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon","Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144693123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110556841","display_name":"Alain Djimeli-Tsajio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150999","display_name":"Research Institute of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04j808v60","country_code":"SK","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150999"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alain Djimeli-Tsajio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication and Network Engineering, IUT-FV, Bandjoun, Cameroon"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication and Network Engineering, IUT-FV, Bandjoun, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150999"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029731437","display_name":"Jaime C. Acosta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2555-9989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaime Acosta","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch, Adelphi, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch, Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099338171","display_name":"Rawat Danda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rawat Danda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Charles Kamhoua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Kamhoua","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch, Adelphi, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch, Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104332627"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12757657,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"85","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.32359999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.32359999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.14419999718666077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.055399999022483826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6007999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5753999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4307999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/texture","display_name":"Texture (cosmology)","score":0.3806999921798706}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8335999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.770799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6007999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5753999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4749000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4307999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289436","display_name":"Texture (cosmology)","level":3,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167981619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1685498","display_name":"Cross entropy","level":3,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63099799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17147001","display_name":"Image texture","level":4,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781427961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430024","display_name":"Human eye","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-026-21276-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-21276-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W143608493","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1970369748","https://openalex.org/W2132725786","https://openalex.org/W2738588019","https://openalex.org/W2744091666","https://openalex.org/W2765811365","https://openalex.org/W2883102461","https://openalex.org/W2913399670","https://openalex.org/W2959409678","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2962907415","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W2995516027","https://openalex.org/W2995831381","https://openalex.org/W3001096664","https://openalex.org/W3019200173","https://openalex.org/W3022863848","https://openalex.org/W3034196597","https://openalex.org/W3034785167","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3036198682","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3108854358","https://openalex.org/W3133982943","https://openalex.org/W3135485589","https://openalex.org/W3154326567","https://openalex.org/W3158766194","https://openalex.org/W3163387060","https://openalex.org/W3173581984","https://openalex.org/W3174656926","https://openalex.org/W3175342695","https://openalex.org/W3176241004","https://openalex.org/W3184257017","https://openalex.org/W3187526215","https://openalex.org/W3197831948","https://openalex.org/W3203431461","https://openalex.org/W4200560037","https://openalex.org/W4224932907","https://openalex.org/W4285155351","https://openalex.org/W4313559678","https://openalex.org/W4315865725","https://openalex.org/W4383113591","https://openalex.org/W4399882208","https://openalex.org/W4401108337","https://openalex.org/W4406202147","https://openalex.org/W4410000999"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2026-01-16T00:00:00"}