{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387186265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16917-2","title":"Desktop virtual reality as an exposure method for test anxiety: quantitative and qualitative feasibility study","display_name":"Desktop virtual reality as an exposure method for test anxiety: quantitative and qualitative feasibility study","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387186265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16917-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-023-16917-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16917-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16917-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039334766","display_name":"Luca Chittaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5975-4294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Chittaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Lab (HCI Lab), University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5975-4294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Lab (HCI Lab), University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004869329","display_name":"Marta Serafini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1310-1826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marta Serafini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Lab (HCI Lab), University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1310-1826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Lab (HCI Lab), University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004869329"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.8167,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73109329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"83","issue":"12","first_page":"36129","last_page":"36155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/worry","display_name":"Worry","score":0.8661342263221741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"Anxiety","score":0.7691411972045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeling","display_name":"Feeling","score":0.6323568820953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.6255142688751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5782204866409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5586197376251221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-analysis","display_name":"Thematic analysis","score":0.535994827747345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-anxiety","display_name":"Test anxiety","score":0.49590715765953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.4892265796661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4354103207588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.3755163550376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.324898362159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.299564003944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.28992795944213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.28490662574768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.13975706696510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.12295177578926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"Environmental health","score":0.0814797580242157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779978724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436482","display_name":"Worry","level":3,"score":0.8661342263221741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.7691411972045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.6323568820953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6255142688751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5782204866409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5586197376251221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.535994827747345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781275859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426787","display_name":"Test anxiety","level":3,"score":0.49590715765953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.4892265796661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4354103207588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3755163550376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.324898362159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.299564003944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28992795944213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.28490662574768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.13975706696510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.12295177578926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0814797580242157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-023-16917-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16917-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:air.uniud.it:11390/1261084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11042-023-16917-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-023-16917-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401163","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (University of Udine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","host_organization_name":"University of Udine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-023-16917-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16917-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324979","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Udine","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81685006","https://openalex.org/W1604346639","https://openalex.org/W1978621195","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1984393601","https://openalex.org/W2001173629","https://openalex.org/W2007275268","https://openalex.org/W2008008160","https://openalex.org/W2009266297","https://openalex.org/W2014702627","https://openalex.org/W2024221294","https://openalex.org/W2025850799","https://openalex.org/W2028632271","https://openalex.org/W2036973513","https://openalex.org/W2037789405","https://openalex.org/W2050270655","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2068887367","https://openalex.org/W2069630496","https://openalex.org/W2070240454","https://openalex.org/W2073468232","https://openalex.org/W2080509533","https://openalex.org/W2084658093","https://openalex.org/W2091136830","https://openalex.org/W2098439642","https://openalex.org/W2118425840","https://openalex.org/W2123471056","https://openalex.org/W2127561630","https://openalex.org/W2135883146","https://openalex.org/W2148863487","https://openalex.org/W2150242625","https://openalex.org/W2150934365","https://openalex.org/W2174993258","https://openalex.org/W2180683569","https://openalex.org/W2486744320","https://openalex.org/W2497352565","https://openalex.org/W2565451694","https://openalex.org/W2596737561","https://openalex.org/W2605323138","https://openalex.org/W2745444296","https://openalex.org/W2884316046","https://openalex.org/W2887538181","https://openalex.org/W2900233085","https://openalex.org/W2947994258","https://openalex.org/W2997613705","https://openalex.org/W3003893931","https://openalex.org/W3009884649","https://openalex.org/W3010423611","https://openalex.org/W3014138823","https://openalex.org/W3043064938","https://openalex.org/W3082448441","https://openalex.org/W3087311975","https://openalex.org/W3090450163","https://openalex.org/W3154736008","https://openalex.org/W3171035198","https://openalex.org/W3202356656","https://openalex.org/W3217078953","https://openalex.org/W4200514127","https://openalex.org/W4243814705","https://openalex.org/W4245593030","https://openalex.org/W4285587404","https://openalex.org/W4294214983","https://openalex.org/W4323356317","https://openalex.org/W4407837705"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2533368584","https://openalex.org/W3143626098","https://openalex.org/W2777027891","https://openalex.org/W3111932749","https://openalex.org/W1540755181","https://openalex.org/W2128849446","https://openalex.org/W2070886976","https://openalex.org/W2071390961","https://openalex.org/W1986357347","https://openalex.org/W2773843295"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Test":[1],"anxiety":[2,42,55,85],"is":[3,27,86,132],"an":[4],"emotional":[5],"state":[6],"characterized":[7],"by":[8],"subjective":[9],"feelings":[10],"of":[11,61,74,79,92,128,175,190,201,210,221],"discomfort,":[12],"fear,":[13],"and":[14,118,158,235],"worry":[15],"that":[16,87,113,196,214,225],"can":[17,119],"considerably":[18],"affect":[19,232],"students\u2019":[20],"academic":[21],"performance.":[22],"Virtual":[23],"Reality":[24],"exposure":[25],"(VRE)":[26],"a":[28,71,93,97,110,141,186,206],"promising":[29],"approach":[30],"to":[31,70,99,105,227],"address":[32,106],"test":[33,41,84,137,243],"anxiety,":[34],"but":[35],"the":[36,44,59,90,129,146,155,164,171,176,191,219,222],"few":[37],"VRE":[38,62,81,111,174,240],"systems":[39,63,82,241],"for":[40,64,83,173,238,242],"in":[43,134,139,154,163,233],"literature":[45],"concern":[46],"only":[47],"written":[48,57],"exams.":[49],"Since":[50],"oral":[51,65,116,136],"exams":[52,66,117],"elicit":[53],"more":[54],"than":[56],"exams,":[58],"availability":[60,91],"would":[67],"be":[68,120],"precious":[69],"large":[72],"population":[73],"students":[75],"worldwide.":[76],"Another":[77],"limitation":[78],"existing":[80],"they":[88,197],"require":[89],"head-mounted":[94],"display,":[95],"posing":[96],"barrier":[98],"widespread":[100],"use.":[101],"This":[102],"paper":[103,169],"aims":[104],"both":[107],"issues,":[108],"proposing":[109],"system":[112,131,178,193],"deals":[114],"with":[115,122,179],"used":[121],"common":[123],"PC":[124],"displays.":[125],"The":[126,149,168],"design":[127],"proposed":[130,177],"organized":[133],"three":[135,192],"scenarios":[138],"which":[140],"virtual":[142,150,223],"agent":[143],"acts":[144],"as":[145],"student\u2019s":[147],"examiner.":[148],"examiner":[151],"behaves":[152],"friendly":[153],"first":[156],"scenario":[157],"increasingly":[159],"reduces":[160],"its":[161],"friendliness":[162],"two":[165,180],"subsequent":[166],"scenarios.":[167],"assesses":[170],"feasibility":[172],"complementary":[181],"methods.":[182],"First,":[183],"we":[184,204],"describe":[185],"quantitative":[187],"user":[188],"study":[189],"scenarios,":[194],"showing":[195],"induce":[198],"increasing":[199],"levels":[200],"anxiety.":[202,244],"Second,":[203],"present":[205],"qualitative":[207],"thematic":[208],"analysis":[209],"participants\u2019":[211],"post-exposure":[212],"interviews":[213],"sheds":[215],"further":[216],"light":[217],"on":[218],"aspects":[220],"experience":[224],"contributed":[226],"eliciting":[228],"negative":[229],"or":[230],"positive":[231],"participants,":[234],"provides":[236],"insights":[237],"improving":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}