{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4353079173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15131-4","title":"A deep learning framework with edge computing for severity level detection of diabetic retinopathy","display_name":"A deep learning framework with edge computing for severity level detection of diabetic retinopathy","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4353079173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15131-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-023-15131-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15131-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15131-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088116206","display_name":"Ahmed Al-Karawi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55931168","display_name":"Cukurova University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wxkj555","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55931168"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Al-Karawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, \u00c7ukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-2744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, \u00c7ukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55931168"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036190068","display_name":"Ercan Av\u015far","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1356-2753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193615760","display_name":"Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dbd8b73","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193615760"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK","TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ercan Av\u015far","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University, 35390, \u0130zmir, Turkey","National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), 9850, Hirtshals, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1356-2753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University, 35390, \u0130zmir, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193615760"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), 9850, Hirtshals, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036190068"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193615760","https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5629,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82455863,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"82","issue":"24","first_page":"37687","last_page":"37708"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8493983745574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.6739331483840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenation","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","score":0.6261730790138245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.621753990650177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.599088728427887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5917527079582214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5362111330032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5325457453727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinopathy","display_name":"Retinopathy","score":0.5122934579849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4703757166862488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.46973928809165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40510740876197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.11462798714637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.09907683730125427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.0758223831653595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8493983745574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.6739331483840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87619178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126002","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6261730790138245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.621753990650177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.599088728427887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5917527079582214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5362111330032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5325457453727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.5122934579849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4703757166862488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.46973928809165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40510740876197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.11462798714637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09907683730125427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.0758223831653595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-023-15131-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15131-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/cdc7839b-ecdd-463b-94d8-2854948c4212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/cdc7839b-ecdd-463b-94d8-2854948c4212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400705","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Al-Karawi , A &amp; Av\u015far , E 2023 , ' A deep learning framework with edge computing for severity level detection of diabetic retinopathy ' , Multimedia Tools and Applications , vol. 82 , pp. 37687-37708 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15131-4","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-023-15131-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15131-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969496006","https://openalex.org/W1996151979","https://openalex.org/W2002608276","https://openalex.org/W2078316046","https://openalex.org/W2088422930","https://openalex.org/W2127322315","https://openalex.org/W2132750451","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2502390809","https://openalex.org/W2789360655","https://openalex.org/W2795613961","https://openalex.org/W2798746525","https://openalex.org/W2884560088","https://openalex.org/W2887873758","https://openalex.org/W2893712939","https://openalex.org/W2894558420","https://openalex.org/W2906424845","https://openalex.org/W2922015385","https://openalex.org/W2924509510","https://openalex.org/W2947164691","https://openalex.org/W2964118901","https://openalex.org/W2980444207","https://openalex.org/W2983132969","https://openalex.org/W2995144534","https://openalex.org/W3008531067","https://openalex.org/W3013056581","https://openalex.org/W3014497218","https://openalex.org/W3018822903","https://openalex.org/W3040372498","https://openalex.org/W3088624649","https://openalex.org/W3117617661","https://openalex.org/W3118677001","https://openalex.org/W3130542711","https://openalex.org/W3204093709","https://openalex.org/W4210880282","https://openalex.org/W4213119770","https://openalex.org/W4213375677","https://openalex.org/W4220862900","https://openalex.org/W4220868027","https://openalex.org/W4220915881","https://openalex.org/W4283773504","https://openalex.org/W4284961311","https://openalex.org/W6600351811","https://openalex.org/W6610707534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980571360","https://openalex.org/W3176448898","https://openalex.org/W4379115808","https://openalex.org/W3207986206","https://openalex.org/W2429379476","https://openalex.org/W1979866946","https://openalex.org/W2584074590","https://openalex.org/W4226141369","https://openalex.org/W2413307231","https://openalex.org/W4361800274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"retinopathy":[1,33,58,73],"is":[2,16,59,76,81,126,161,164],"one":[3],"of":[4,8,31,56,66,133,178,188,211,220],"the":[5,9,53,85,91,114,117,130,134,158,185,192,196,205,225,234,240],"major":[6],"causes":[7],"vision":[10],"loss":[11],"worldwide.":[12],"Its":[13],"timely":[14],"detection":[15],"critical":[17],"for":[18,29,51,83,128,203],"planning":[19],"an":[20],"efficient":[21],"treatment":[22],"process.":[23],"Typically,":[24],"fundus":[25,67,92],"images":[26,68,93,104],"are":[27,94,105,148,181,237],"taken":[28],"diagnosis":[30],"diabetic":[32,57,72,135],"and":[34,100,151,191,224],"determining":[35],"its":[36],"corresponding":[37,214],"severity":[38,54,74,131],"level.":[39],"In":[40,116,175],"this":[41,62],"study,":[42],"a":[43,47,64,109,120],"framework":[44],"that":[45,147,202],"uses":[46],"mobile":[48,79],"edge":[49,86,179,241],"device":[50,80],"detecting":[52,129],"level":[55,132],"proposed.":[60],"For":[61],"purpose,":[63],"dataset":[65],"containing":[69],"five":[70],"different":[71],"levels":[75],"utilized.":[77],"The":[78,102,137,153],"responsible":[82],"performing":[84],"processing":[87],"operations":[88],"in":[89],"which":[90,163],"preprocessed":[95,103],"by":[96,183,230],"cropping,":[97],"unsharp":[98],"masking,":[99],"resizing.":[101],"then":[106],"transmitted":[107,189,223],"to":[108,215],"cloud":[110,118,197],"computing":[111,180],"platform":[112],"over":[113],"internet.":[115],"server,":[119],"concatenation":[121,159],"ensemble":[122,138,160],"deep":[123],"learning":[124],"models":[125],"trained":[127],"retinopathy.":[136],"model":[139],"involves":[140],"three":[141],"benchmark":[142],"convolutional":[143,171],"neural":[144,172],"network":[145,173],"architectures":[146],"EfficientNetB7,":[149],"ResNet50,":[150],"VGG19.":[152],"classification":[154],"accuracy":[155],"achieved":[156],"using":[157],"96%,":[162],"higher":[165],"than":[166],"those":[167],"obtained":[168],"via":[169],"individual":[170],"models.":[174],"addition,":[176],"contributions":[177],"shown":[182],"calculating":[184],"total":[186],"amount":[187],"data":[190,217],"response":[193,226],"time":[194,227],"from":[195],"server.":[198],"It":[199],"was":[200,222,228],"observed":[201],"classifying":[204],"entire":[206],"test":[207],"set":[208],"2984.52":[209],"Kb":[210],"less":[212],"data,":[213],"average":[216],"size":[218],"reduction":[219],"85.2%,":[221],"reduced":[229],"6.14":[231],"seconds":[232],"when":[233],"preprocessing":[235],"steps":[236],"performed":[238],"at":[239],"device.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-26T08:31:28.666265","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
