{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4303411319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13619-z","title":"Learning enhanced features and inferring twice for fine-grained image classification","display_name":"Learning enhanced features and inferring twice for fine-grained image classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4303411319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13619-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-022-13619-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13619-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-022-13619-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-022-13619-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072241397","display_name":"Xuan Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6198-4080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072072691","display_name":"Bosong Chai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bosong Chai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385092","display_name":"Luyao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-1896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luyao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062075585","display_name":"Qiyu Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5842-9841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiyu Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology Sydney Ultimo, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology Sydney Ultimo, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100413849","display_name":"Min Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9581-8849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology Sydney Ultimo, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9581-8849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology Sydney Ultimo, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100413849"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.972,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74539317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"82","issue":"10","first_page":"14799","last_page":"14813"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.9444116353988647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forcing","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","score":0.8333064317703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8123195171356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.7122974395751953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7020556926727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.6509127020835876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6037442684173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5713081359863281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4905385375022888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4455226957798004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43506383895874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09810173511505127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.9444116353988647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197115733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.8333064317703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8123195171356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.7122974395751953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7020556926727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.6509127020835876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6037442684173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5713081359863281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4905385375022888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4455226957798004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43506383895874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09810173511505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-022-13619-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13619-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-022-13619-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-022-13619-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13619-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-022-13619-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320967","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4303411319.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4303411319.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56385144","https://openalex.org/W1980526845","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2104657103","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2118696714","https://openalex.org/W2135706578","https://openalex.org/W2138011018","https://openalex.org/W2143238378","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2554320282","https://openalex.org/W2773003563","https://openalex.org/W2807931652","https://openalex.org/W2883502031","https://openalex.org/W2891951760","https://openalex.org/W2961018736","https://openalex.org/W2963066927","https://openalex.org/W2963393555","https://openalex.org/W2963407932","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2990495699","https://openalex.org/W2997300818","https://openalex.org/W2997809650","https://openalex.org/W2998619563","https://openalex.org/W3008809756","https://openalex.org/W3009073662","https://openalex.org/W3009337595","https://openalex.org/W3035661013","https://openalex.org/W3113299742","https://openalex.org/W3125237740","https://openalex.org/W3198282457","https://openalex.org/W4312443924"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2729514902","https://openalex.org/W2024160000","https://openalex.org/W2799431430","https://openalex.org/W2773500201","https://openalex.org/W2061273563","https://openalex.org/W4287995534","https://openalex.org/W2743258233","https://openalex.org/W2285052147","https://openalex.org/W2998168123","https://openalex.org/W2970216048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Fine-Grained":[1],"Visual":[2],"Categorization":[3],"(FGVC)":[4],"aims":[5],"to":[6,70,74,92,100,104,147,164],"distinguish":[7],"between":[8],"extremely":[9],"similar":[10],"subordinate-level":[11],"categories":[12],"within":[13],"the":[14,22,26,33,42,50,72,88,94,102,111,119,123,131,136,149,165,170,173,180,185,188,197,205,211],"same":[15],"basic-level":[16],"category.":[17],"Existing":[18],"research":[19],"has":[20],"proven":[21],"great":[23],"importance":[24],"of":[25,118,153,169],"discriminative":[27,133,142],"features":[28,44,78,109,156],"in":[29,145],"FGVC":[30],"but":[31,53,227],"ignored":[32],"contributions":[34],"for":[35,79],"correct":[36],"classification":[37],"from":[38],"other":[39,106],"features,":[40],"and":[41,122,177,190,225],"extracted":[43],"always":[45],"contain":[46],"more":[47,76],"information":[48,152],"about":[49,55],"obvious":[51],"regions":[52,134],"less":[54],"subtle":[56],"regions.":[57,143],"In":[58],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"firstly,":[61],"a":[62,83,215],"novel":[63],"module":[64,67,116],"named":[65],"forcing":[66,115,124,137],"is":[68,157,175],"proposed":[69,206],"force":[71,101],"network":[73,103],"extract":[75,105],"diverse":[77],"FGVC,":[80],"which":[81],"generates":[82],"suppression":[84],"mask":[85],"based":[86],"on":[87,130,140,222,232],"class":[89,166],"activation":[90,167],"maps":[91,168],"suppress":[93],"most":[95],"distinguishable":[96,108,155],"regions,":[97],"so":[98],"as":[99,110,179,196],"secondary":[107,141],"final":[112,198],"features.":[113],"The":[114,126],"consists":[117],"original":[120,127],"branch":[121,128,138],"branch.":[125],"focuses":[129,139],"primary":[132],"while":[135],"Secondly,":[144],"order":[146],"solve":[148],"problem":[150],"that":[151,204],"small-scale":[154],"lost":[158],"seriously":[159],"after":[160],"multi-layer":[161],"down-sampling,":[162],"according":[163],"first":[171,189],"prediction,":[172],"object":[174],"cropped":[176],"scaled":[178],"second":[181,191],"input.":[182],"To":[183],"reduce":[184],"prediction":[186,192,199],"error,":[187],"probabilities":[193],"are":[194],"fused":[195],"result.":[200],"Experimental":[201],"results":[202],"indicate":[203],"method":[207],"not":[208],"only":[209],"outperforms":[210],"baseline":[212],"model":[213],"by":[214],"large":[216],"margin":[217],"(3.7%,":[218],"5.9%,":[219],"3.1%":[220],"respectively)":[221],"CUB-200-2011,":[223],"Stanford-Cars,":[224],"FGVC-Aircraft,":[226],"also":[228],"achieves":[229],"state-of-the-art":[230],"performance":[231],"FGVC-Aircraft.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
