{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3139329397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10693-7","title":"An improved K-means algorithm for underwater image background segmentation","display_name":"An improved K-means algorithm for underwater image background segmentation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3139329397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10693-7","mag":"3139329397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-021-10693-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10693-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-021-10693-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-021-10693-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100344331","display_name":"Wei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7515-7895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799736854","display_name":"Nanjing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00n6txq60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799736854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087919","display_name":"Kuang-Chi (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/002thpc56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Center, Nanjing Institute of Technology, College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing, 211167, China","Shenzhen Kuang-Chi Space Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Center, Nanjing Institute of Technology, College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing, 211167, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799736854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Kuang-Chi Space Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019684255","display_name":"Cenyu He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799736854","display_name":"Nanjing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00n6txq60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799736854"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cenyu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Center, Nanjing Institute of Technology, College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing, 211167, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Center, Nanjing Institute of Technology, College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing, 211167, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799736854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049157841","display_name":"Chunlin Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2260-4107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087919","display_name":"Kuang-Chi (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/002thpc56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunlin Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Kuang-Chi Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Kuang-Chi Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033267594","display_name":"Meiying Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-573X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087919","display_name":"Kuang-Chi (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/002thpc56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meiying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Kuang-Chi Space Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Kuang-Chi Space Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087919"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325196","display_name":"Siyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-9896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Siyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, D-80333, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, D-80333, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100325196"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":1.9059,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8649415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"80","issue":"14","first_page":"21059","last_page":"21083"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7707188129425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.7528396844863892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.715221643447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7045122385025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6369809508323669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.6152711510658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6056264042854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5543962717056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.47332653403282166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/otsus-method","display_name":"Otsu's method","score":0.4622620642185211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-space-segmentation","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","score":0.44567349553108215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/region-growing","display_name":"Region growing","score":0.44229748845100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3535986542701721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2950073480606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.06719067692756653}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7707188129425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.7528396844863892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.715221643447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7045122385025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6369809508323669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.6152711510658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6056264042854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5543962717056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.47332653403282166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21729346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2444417","display_name":"Otsu's method","level":4,"score":0.4622620642185211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.44567349553108215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206824153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1169834","display_name":"Region growing","level":5,"score":0.44229748845100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3535986542701721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2950073480606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.06719067692756653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-021-10693-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10693-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-021-10693-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1634293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1634293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400453","display_name":"mediaTUM \u2013 the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-021-10693-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10693-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-021-10693-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323383","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139329397.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139329397.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607198972","https://openalex.org/W1967891793","https://openalex.org/W1990643970","https://openalex.org/W2021658944","https://openalex.org/W2027091505","https://openalex.org/W2112373205","https://openalex.org/W2141358266","https://openalex.org/W2150397926","https://openalex.org/W2167601989","https://openalex.org/W2324735034","https://openalex.org/W2349959420","https://openalex.org/W2357423612","https://openalex.org/W2358928244","https://openalex.org/W2365037817","https://openalex.org/W2385460316","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2474313102","https://openalex.org/W2598666589","https://openalex.org/W2780202401","https://openalex.org/W2782578088","https://openalex.org/W2790512519","https://openalex.org/W2799213142","https://openalex.org/W2909232022","https://openalex.org/W2948670226","https://openalex.org/W2956483768","https://openalex.org/W2975355521","https://openalex.org/W2981616726","https://openalex.org/W2993041161","https://openalex.org/W3008819813","https://openalex.org/W3022018827","https://openalex.org/W3022580413","https://openalex.org/W3140968660","https://openalex.org/W4251485414","https://openalex.org/W4253920039","https://openalex.org/W6602136736"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2370610008","https://openalex.org/W185977641","https://openalex.org/W2997075356","https://openalex.org/W2360695088","https://openalex.org/W2367832194","https://openalex.org/W4306937392","https://openalex.org/W2097351909","https://openalex.org/W3158791443","https://openalex.org/W4301373671","https://openalex.org/W4304806913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Conventional":[1],"algorithms":[2],"fail":[3],"to":[4,27,70,100],"obtain":[5],"satisfactory":[6],"background":[7,25,78,131,138,194],"segmentation":[8,26,79,132,177],"results":[9,97,124],"for":[10,22,192],"underwater":[11,23,61,66,130,140,190,193],"images.":[12],"In":[13],"this":[14,183],"study,":[15],"an":[16,65],"improved":[17,112,128],"K-means":[18,55,109,129],"algorithm":[19,74,133,180],"was":[20,157],"developed":[21],"image":[24,46,93],"address":[28],"the":[29,38,48,53,72,101,107,111,116,127,137,162,168,174],"issue":[30],"of":[31,40,44,52,59,77,91,139,161],"improper":[32],"K":[33,85],"value":[34,86],"determination":[35],"and":[36,81,87,115,149],"minimize":[37],"impact":[39],"initial":[41,88],"centroid":[42,89],"position":[43,90],"grayscale":[45,92],"during":[47],"gray":[49],"level":[50],"quantization":[51],"conventional":[54,108],"algorithm.":[56],"A":[57],"total":[58],"100":[60],"images":[62,141],"taken":[63],"by":[64],"robot":[67],"were":[68,94,98],"sampled":[69],"test":[71],"aforementioned":[73],"in":[75,155,182,189],"respect":[76],"validity":[80],"time":[82,156],"cost.":[83],"The":[84,96,122,179],"optimized.":[95],"compared":[99],"other":[102,163],"three":[103,164],"existing":[104],"algorithms,":[105,165],"including":[106],"algorithm,":[110,114],"Otsu":[113],"Canny":[117],"operator":[118],"edge":[119],"extraction":[120],"method.":[121,178],"experimental":[123],"showed":[125],"that":[126,160],"could":[134,185],"effectively":[135],"segment":[136],"with":[142],"a":[143],"low":[144,147],"color":[145],"cast,":[146],"contrast,":[148],"blurred":[150],"edges.":[151],"Although":[152],"its":[153],"cost":[154],"higher":[158],"than":[159,173],"it":[166],"none":[167],"less":[169],"proved":[170],"more":[171],"efficient":[172],"time-consuming":[175],"manual":[176],"proposed":[181],"paper":[184],"potentially":[186],"be":[187],"used":[188],"environments":[191],"segmentation.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
