{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3047796608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09238-1","title":"Within-class multimodal classification","display_name":"Within-class multimodal classification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3047796608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09238-1","mag":"3047796608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-020-09238-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09238-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-020-09238-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-020-09238-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020556220","display_name":"Huan Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8722-663X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huan Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Computing, Ulster University, Jordanstown, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8722-663X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Computing, Ulster University, Jordanstown, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460917","display_name":"Hui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-6015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Computing, Ulster University, Jordanstown, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Computing, Ulster University, Jordanstown, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025293749","display_name":"Bryan Scotney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8243-2223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan Scotney","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Computing, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Computing, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361707","display_name":"Jun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-5405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Computing, Ulster University, Jordanstown, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Computing, Ulster University, Jordanstown, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105759393","display_name":"Wing W. Y. Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-3585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wing W. Y. Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020556220"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3833,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61068168,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"79","issue":"39-40","first_page":"29327","last_page":"29352"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7800229787826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.7356197834014893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodality","display_name":"Multimodality","score":0.7170424461364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-class-classification","display_name":"One-class classification","score":0.665841817855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.578982949256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5075598955154419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.47165289521217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3754025399684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.34293076395988464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7800229787826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7356197834014893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.7170424461364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34872919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7092302","display_name":"One-class classification","level":3,"score":0.665841817855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.578982949256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5075598955154419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.47165289521217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3754025399684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.34293076395988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-020-09238-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09238-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-020-09238-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/89306c4e-5ab4-4c23-9259-cc18efb52cbf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/89306c4e-5ab4-4c23-9259-cc18efb52cbf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wan, H, Wang, H, Scotney, B, Liu, J & Ng, W 2020, 'Within-class Multimodal Classification', Multimedia Tools and Applications.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-020-09238-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09238-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-020-09238-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3047796608.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1782590233","https://openalex.org/W1991362481","https://openalex.org/W2001619934","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2134262590","https://openalex.org/W2145901830","https://openalex.org/W2146439239","https://openalex.org/W2164552042","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2515519620","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2589177632","https://openalex.org/W2750378047","https://openalex.org/W2765946592","https://openalex.org/W2908535058","https://openalex.org/W2908694412","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2922886970","https://openalex.org/W2940200204","https://openalex.org/W2944556810","https://openalex.org/W2963925503","https://openalex.org/W2971826129","https://openalex.org/W2973351188","https://openalex.org/W2998200221","https://openalex.org/W3004545648","https://openalex.org/W3008901316"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205899436","https://openalex.org/W2462138927","https://openalex.org/W3111427900","https://openalex.org/W4302009627","https://openalex.org/W1561370360","https://openalex.org/W2614183994","https://openalex.org/W2377182625","https://openalex.org/W2103387009","https://openalex.org/W2052015438","https://openalex.org/W2903578902"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1,75,107],"many":[2],"real-world":[3],"classification":[4,116,139,161,186],"problems":[5],"there":[6,190],"exist":[7],"multiple":[8],"subclasses":[9],"(or":[10],"clusters)":[11],"within":[12],"a":[13,31,34,92,111,163,192],"class;":[14],"in":[15,39,55,151,197],"other":[16],"words,":[17],"the":[18,56,66,121,181],"underlying":[19],"data":[20,103],"distribution":[21],"is":[22,27,70,89,118,149,177,187,191,214],"within-class":[23,67,84,114,130,137,147,159,184,207],"multimodal.":[24],"One":[25],"example":[26],"face":[28,32,167,173],"recognition":[29,168],"where":[30],"(i.e.":[33],"class)":[35],"may":[36],"be":[37,195],"presented":[38],"frontal":[40],"view":[41],"or":[42,58,210],"side":[43],"view,":[44],"corresponding":[45],"to":[46,64,142,166,194],"different":[47,170],"modalities.":[48],"This":[49,87],"issue":[50,69],"has":[51,155],"been":[52,156],"largely":[53],"ignored":[54],"literature":[57],"at":[59],"least":[60],"under":[61,169],"studied.":[62],"How":[63],"address":[65],"multimodality":[68,85,148],"still":[71],"an":[72,80],"unsolved":[73],"problem.":[74],"this":[76],"paper,":[77],"we":[78,109],"present":[79,150],"extensive":[81],"study":[82,88],"of":[83,94,124,212],"classification.":[86],"guided":[90],"by":[91,120],"number":[93],"research":[95],"questions,":[96],"and":[97,104,129,172],"conducted":[98],"through":[99],"experimentation":[100],"on":[101],"artificial":[102],"real":[105],"data.":[106,152],"addition,":[108],"establish":[110],"case":[112,182],"for":[113,183],"multimodal":[115,138,160,185,208],"that":[117,136,158,180],"characterised":[119],"concurrent":[122],"maximisation":[123],"between-class":[125],"separation,":[126],"between-subclass":[127],"separation":[128],"compactness.":[131],"Extensive":[132],"experimental":[133],"results":[134],"show":[135],"consistently":[140],"leads":[141],"significant":[143],"performance":[144],"gains":[145],"when":[146,206],"Furthermore,":[153],"it":[154],"found":[157],"offers":[162],"competitive":[164],"solution":[165],"lighting":[171],"pose":[174],"conditions.":[175],"It":[176],"our":[178],"opinion":[179],"established,":[188],"therefore":[189],"milestone":[193],"achieved":[196],"some":[198],"machine":[199],"learning":[200],"algorithms":[201],"(e.g.":[202],"Gaussian":[203],"mixture":[204],"model)":[205],"classification,":[209],"part":[211],"it,":[213],"pursued.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
