{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971816967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08129-4","title":"Multi-subspace supervised descent method for robust face alignment","display_name":"Multi-subspace supervised descent method for robust face alignment","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971816967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08129-4","mag":"2971816967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-019-08129-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08129-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-019-08129-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-019-08129-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031568527","display_name":"Jianwen Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-8046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63072094","display_name":"University of Portsmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/03ykbk197","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianwen Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Creative Technologies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DJ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Creative Technologies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086277648","display_name":"Xiaoxu Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2906-2358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63072094","display_name":"University of Portsmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/03ykbk197","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxu Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Creative Technologies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DJ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Creative Technologies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377932","display_name":"Yiming Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-5796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63072094","display_name":"University of Portsmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/03ykbk197","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Creative Technologies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DJ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Creative Technologies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006580423","display_name":"Hui Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7655-9228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63072094","display_name":"University of Portsmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/03ykbk197","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Creative Technologies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DJ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7655-9228","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Creative Technologies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046724184","display_name":"Shaun Canavan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1538-476X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaun Canavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031568527"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4084,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6575919,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"24","first_page":"35455","last_page":"35469"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.8873392939567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8091374635696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-subspace","display_name":"Linear subspace","score":0.7101370096206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6270990371704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6216990351676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6094181537628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.548330545425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","score":0.5005123615264893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/descent","display_name":"Descent (aeronautics)","score":0.4662206470966339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34813961386680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15910100936889648}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.8873392939567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8091374635696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12362212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728435","display_name":"Linear subspace","level":2,"score":0.7101370096206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6270990371704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6216990351676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6094181537628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.548330545425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5005123615264893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776637919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624380","display_name":"Descent (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4662206470966339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34813961386680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15910100936889648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-019-08129-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08129-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-019-08129-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchportal.port.ac.uk:publications/5d9d5c12-dcf3-4366-bf15-b1d6bf2abe80","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/multisubspace-supervised-descent-method-for-robust-face-alignment(5d9d5c12-dcf3-4366-bf15-b1d6bf2abe80).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401774","display_name":"Portsmouth Research Portal (University of Portsmouth)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63072094","host_organization_name":"University of Portsmouth","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-019-08129-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08129-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-019-08129-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5924810831","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N025849/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G780540322","display_name":"Real-Time 4D Facial Sensing and Modelling","funder_award_id":"EP/N025849/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310847","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311064","display_name":"University of Portsmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/03ykbk197"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328930","display_name":"State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332681","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335639","display_name":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971816967.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971816967.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527240141","https://openalex.org/W1536775035","https://openalex.org/W1682276745","https://openalex.org/W1709848863","https://openalex.org/W1796263212","https://openalex.org/W1896424170","https://openalex.org/W1946919140","https://openalex.org/W1960706641","https://openalex.org/W1963599662","https://openalex.org/W1977821862","https://openalex.org/W1990937109","https://openalex.org/W2058961190","https://openalex.org/W2067023690","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2166694921","https://openalex.org/W2210580011","https://openalex.org/W2240136543","https://openalex.org/W2311778361","https://openalex.org/W2327077378","https://openalex.org/W2462523589","https://openalex.org/W2465108587","https://openalex.org/W2578906651","https://openalex.org/W2584818543","https://openalex.org/W2592560750","https://openalex.org/W2605351369","https://openalex.org/W2735680049","https://openalex.org/W2736366858","https://openalex.org/W2736728583","https://openalex.org/W2736786357","https://openalex.org/W2764242203","https://openalex.org/W2784199143","https://openalex.org/W2792923920","https://openalex.org/W2884585274","https://openalex.org/W2942109599","https://openalex.org/W2964014798","https://openalex.org/W6600910721","https://openalex.org/W6733882119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2896134808","https://openalex.org/W3172436493","https://openalex.org/W4287164812","https://openalex.org/W2957492749","https://openalex.org/W1887135636","https://openalex.org/W2386063599","https://openalex.org/W1975884855","https://openalex.org/W3213150849","https://openalex.org/W4285605394","https://openalex.org/W2025894073"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Supervised":[0],"Descent":[1],"Method":[2],"(SDM)":[3],"is":[4,25,68,85,120,156],"one":[5],"of":[6,133],"the":[7,130,137,148],"leading":[8],"cascaded":[9],"regression":[10],"approaches":[11],"for":[12,77],"face":[13,55,160],"alignment":[14],"with":[15,73,79,88,104,162],"state-of-the-art":[16],"performance":[17],"and":[18,30,52],"a":[19,42,60,74,109,163],"solid":[20],"theoretical":[21],"basis.":[22],"However,":[23],"SDM":[24,38,66,72],"prone":[26],"to":[27,48,70,90,122,136,147],"local":[28],"optima":[29],"likely":[31],"averages":[32],"conflicting":[33],"descent":[34],"directions.":[35],"This":[36,139],"makes":[37],"ineffective":[39],"in":[40],"covering":[41],"complex":[43],"facial":[44,165],"shape":[45,91],"space":[46,84],"due":[47],"large":[49],"head":[50,105],"poses":[51],"rich":[53],"non-rigid":[54],"deformations.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"paper,":[59],"novel":[61],"two-step":[62],"framework":[63],"called":[64],"multi-subspace":[65],"(MS-SDM)":[67],"proposed":[69,154],"equip":[71],"stronger":[75],"capability":[76],"dealing":[78],"unconstrained":[80],"faces.":[81],"The":[82,95,153],"optimization":[83],"first":[86],"partitioned":[87],"regard":[89],"variations":[92],"using":[93],"k-means.":[94],"generated":[96],"subspaces":[97],"show":[98,113],"semantic":[99],"significance":[100],"which":[101],"highly":[102],"correlates":[103],"poses.":[106],"Faces":[107],"among":[108],"certain":[110],"subspace":[111,125,135],"also":[112],"compatible":[114],"shape-appearance":[115],"relationships.":[116],"Then,":[117],"Naive":[118],"Bayes":[119],"applied":[121],"conduct":[123],"robust":[124],"prediction":[126],"by":[127],"concerning":[128],"about":[129],"relative":[131],"proximity":[132],"each":[134,142],"sample.":[138],"guarantees":[140],"that":[141],"sample":[143],"can":[144],"be":[145],"allocated":[146],"most":[149],"appropriate":[150],"subspace-specific":[151],"regressor.":[152],"method":[155],"validated":[157],"on":[158],"benchmark":[159],"datasets":[161],"mobile":[164],"tracking":[166],"implementation.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
