{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2772752821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-5443-x","title":"CNN-RNN: a large-scale hierarchical image classification framework","display_name":"CNN-RNN: a large-scale hierarchical image classification framework","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2772752821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-5443-x","mag":"2772752821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-017-5443-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-5443-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-017-5443-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-017-5443-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079425523","display_name":"Yanming Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9184-5313"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanming Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9184-5313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004895426","display_name":"Yu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2067-9175"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047471651","display_name":"Erwin M. Bakker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2624-5271"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erwin M. Bakker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011096681","display_name":"Yuanhao Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4797-1616"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanhao Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101430323","display_name":"Michael S. Lew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4353-1840"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael S. Lew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079425523"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.8947,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":152,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98395561,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"77","issue":"8","first_page":"10251","last_page":"10271"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8937385082244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7568249106407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6290509700775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.6244561076164246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.49857163429260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4925864338874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.48836252093315125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48736411333084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45089486241340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4272727966308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.361590176820755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.14876940846443176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8937385082244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7568249106407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6290509700775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.6244561076164246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.49857163429260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4925864338874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.48836252093315125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48736411333084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45089486241340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4272727966308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.361590176820755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.14876940846443176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-017-5443-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-5443-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-017-5443-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.leidenuniv.nl:1887/69431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1887/69431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"77","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_2970369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887/69431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-017-5443-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-5443-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-017-5443-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2772752821.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2772752821.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34183628","https://openalex.org/W64813323","https://openalex.org/W819977924","https://openalex.org/W1664573881","https://openalex.org/W1683511521","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1690739335","https://openalex.org/W1798702550","https://openalex.org/W1895577753","https://openalex.org/W1905245135","https://openalex.org/W1922658220","https://openalex.org/W1934184906","https://openalex.org/W1937922215","https://openalex.org/W1947481528","https://openalex.org/W2010132303","https://openalex.org/W2015563892","https://openalex.org/W2027922120","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2071011912","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097018403","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2120725344","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2168894214","https://openalex.org/W2176412452","https://openalex.org/W2176950688","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2201305792","https://openalex.org/W2218408410","https://openalex.org/W2302086703","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2331143823","https://openalex.org/W2333796428","https://openalex.org/W2339741109","https://openalex.org/W2397299141","https://openalex.org/W2408279554","https://openalex.org/W2463955103","https://openalex.org/W2550709858","https://openalex.org/W2561907692","https://openalex.org/W2594625613","https://openalex.org/W2612186495","https://openalex.org/W2612938809","https://openalex.org/W2962860144","https://openalex.org/W2963037478","https://openalex.org/W2963452022","https://openalex.org/W2963745697","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W3101114608","https://openalex.org/W3118608800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2952813363","https://openalex.org/W4378678253","https://openalex.org/W2761785940","https://openalex.org/W2911497689","https://openalex.org/W4360783045","https://openalex.org/W2129933262","https://openalex.org/W2770149305","https://openalex.org/W2972076240","https://openalex.org/W3167930666","https://openalex.org/W3014952856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objects":[0],"are":[1,13],"often":[2],"organized":[3],"in":[4,218],"a":[5,56,150,187],"semantic":[6,21],"hierarchy":[7],"of":[8,59,99,136,189,214,240,245],"categories,":[9,33,52,216],"where":[10],"fine-level":[11],"categories":[12,17,46],"grouped":[14],"into":[15,30],"coarse-level":[16],"according":[18],"to":[19,67,72,82,94,123,175,180,210],"their":[20],"relations.":[22],"While":[23],"previous":[24],"works":[25],"usually":[26],"only":[27,108,194],"classify":[28],"objects":[29],"the":[31,44,60,69,74,87,97,117,125,156,161,167,177,182,190,206,212,224,238],"leaf":[32,45],"we":[34,65,148,172],"argue":[35],"that":[36,202],"generating":[37],"hierarchical":[38,75,110,126],"labels":[39,111],"can":[40,54,106,131,204,236],"actually":[41],"describe":[42],"how":[43,174],"evolved":[47],"from":[48],"higher":[49],"level":[50],"coarse-grained":[51],"thus":[53],"provide":[55],"better":[57],"understanding":[58],"objects.":[61],"In":[62,170],"this":[63,129],"paper,":[64],"propose":[66],"utilize":[68,176],"CNN-RNN":[70,157,178,203,235],"framework":[71,105,130,179],"address":[73],"image":[76],"classification":[77,98,120,185,213],"task.":[78],"CNN":[79,138,163],"allows":[80],"us":[81,93],"obtain":[83],"discriminative":[84],"features":[85],"for":[86,112,144],"input":[88],"images,":[89,113],"and":[90,101,165,217,242],"RNN":[91],"enables":[92],"jointly":[95],"optimize":[96],"coarse":[100,197],"fine":[102,183,215,246],"labels.":[103,198,247],"This":[104,232],"not":[107],"generate":[109],"but":[114],"also":[115,166],"improve":[116,181,211],"traditional":[118],"leaf-level":[119,145],"performance":[121,152,225],"due":[122],"incorporating":[124],"information.":[127],"Moreover,":[128],"be":[132],"built":[133],"on":[134,155],"top":[135],"any":[137],"architecture":[139],"which":[140,159],"is":[141,193],"primarily":[142],"designed":[143],"classification.":[146],"Accordingly,":[147],"build":[149],"high":[151],"network":[153],"based":[154],"paradigm":[158],"outperforms":[160],"original":[162],"(wider-ResNet)":[164],"current":[168],"state-of-the-art.":[169],"addition,":[171],"investigate":[173],"category":[184],"when":[186],"fraction":[188],"training":[191,208,230],"data":[192,209],"annotated":[195,229],"with":[196],"Experimental":[199],"results":[200],"demonstrate":[201],"use":[205],"coarse-labeled":[207],"some":[219],"cases":[220],"it":[221],"even":[222],"surpasses":[223],"achieved":[226],"by":[227],"fully":[228],"data.":[231],"reveals":[233],"that,":[234],"alleviate":[237],"challenge":[239],"specialized":[241],"expensive":[243],"annotation":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
