{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131624326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0","title":"LLM-\u201cFriends\u201d are Hostile Scaffolds in the Age of Loneliness","display_name":"LLM-\u201cFriends\u201d are Hostile Scaffolds in the Age of Loneliness","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131624326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078114685","display_name":"Siavosh Sahebi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4728-7301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Siavosh Sahebi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Humanities, Discipline of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4728-7301","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Humanities, Discipline of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093448722","display_name":"Darius Parvizi-Wayne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4119-8903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darius Parvizi-Wayne","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Humanities, Discipline of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4119-8903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Humanities, Discipline of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078114685"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":15.0212,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98592312,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.11760000139474869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.11760000139474869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.06599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.060499999672174454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loneliness","display_name":"Loneliness","score":0.7146999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deskilling","display_name":"Deskilling","score":0.6550999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-science","display_name":"Philosophy of science","score":0.5900999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5385000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-mind","display_name":"Philosophy of mind","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-communication","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premise","display_name":"Premise","score":0.3086000084877014}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779998236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223270","display_name":"Loneliness","level":2,"score":0.7146999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779944411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5264558","display_name":"Deskilling","level":3,"score":0.6550999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.5900999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5385000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4603999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24726157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23407","display_name":"Philosophy of mind","level":3,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48856860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12029","display_name":"Addiction","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123556308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484761","display_name":"Philosophy of language","level":3,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9114305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428317","display_name":"Situational ethics","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14564219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383646","display_name":"Social cognitive theory","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776932993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484318","display_name":"Ethos","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-026-09765-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4726690948009491,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320591","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7131624326.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W393180982","https://openalex.org/W1975208602","https://openalex.org/W2008294683","https://openalex.org/W2023496487","https://openalex.org/W2035910815","https://openalex.org/W2046008642","https://openalex.org/W2070361017","https://openalex.org/W2079944053","https://openalex.org/W2115460576","https://openalex.org/W2116929833","https://openalex.org/W2117034370","https://openalex.org/W2125695034","https://openalex.org/W2146378115","https://openalex.org/W2151395810","https://openalex.org/W2155660451","https://openalex.org/W2171170721","https://openalex.org/W2336106951","https://openalex.org/W2531374573","https://openalex.org/W2898258527","https://openalex.org/W2908796899","https://openalex.org/W3009936362","https://openalex.org/W3012330999","https://openalex.org/W3023874558","https://openalex.org/W3042161208","https://openalex.org/W3084988461","https://openalex.org/W3092154655","https://openalex.org/W3095215337","https://openalex.org/W3125770638","https://openalex.org/W3164993129","https://openalex.org/W4200383746","https://openalex.org/W4200395995","https://openalex.org/W4200625046","https://openalex.org/W4211106541","https://openalex.org/W4211126041","https://openalex.org/W4213265599","https://openalex.org/W4220849321","https://openalex.org/W4229770318","https://openalex.org/W4229952927","https://openalex.org/W4235114045","https://openalex.org/W4249076295","https://openalex.org/W4288725445","https://openalex.org/W4312179235","https://openalex.org/W4312204748","https://openalex.org/W4319321535","https://openalex.org/W4322102016","https://openalex.org/W4360797546","https://openalex.org/W4361213313","https://openalex.org/W4375951402","https://openalex.org/W4385765946","https://openalex.org/W4386096078","https://openalex.org/W4386830688","https://openalex.org/W4389687999","https://openalex.org/W4390023682","https://openalex.org/W4391105189","https://openalex.org/W4391320820","https://openalex.org/W4392347917","https://openalex.org/W4394015168","https://openalex.org/W4396827139","https://openalex.org/W4399605289","https://openalex.org/W4399888063","https://openalex.org/W4402619368","https://openalex.org/W4403080876","https://openalex.org/W4403785334","https://openalex.org/W4404763350","https://openalex.org/W4405034832","https://openalex.org/W4405877581","https://openalex.org/W4405883997","https://openalex.org/W4406026056","https://openalex.org/W4406179584","https://openalex.org/W4406351260","https://openalex.org/W4407057275","https://openalex.org/W4407637219","https://openalex.org/W4408361730","https://openalex.org/W4408589321","https://openalex.org/W4409502783","https://openalex.org/W4409749025","https://openalex.org/W4409749467","https://openalex.org/W4410128158","https://openalex.org/W4410481546","https://openalex.org/W4411628042","https://openalex.org/W4411680321","https://openalex.org/W4412796538","https://openalex.org/W4413855462","https://openalex.org/W4414192430","https://openalex.org/W4415976322","https://openalex.org/W4416124338","https://openalex.org/W6941065762"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"use":[2],"of":[3,24,46,55,75,91,139,149,161,194],"large":[4],"language":[5],"models":[6],"(LLMs)":[7],"for":[8],"companionship":[9],"is":[10,50,169,174],"rapidly":[11],"increasing.":[12],"As":[13],"\u201cfriends\u201d,":[14],"LLMs":[15,63],"act":[16],"as":[17,48,103,105],"scaffolds":[18],"to":[19,68,71,121],"the":[20,35,44,53,72,76,95,106,115,136,140,143,157,162,170,180],"development":[21],"and":[22,108,159,177],"enactment":[23],"our":[25],"ongoing":[26],"comportment,":[27],"not":[28,130],"only":[29,131],"with":[30,80],"them":[31],"but":[32,133],"also":[33],"in":[34,38,52,89,94,156],"broader":[36],"environment":[37],"which":[39,187],"we":[40,59,124],"are":[41,66,119,129,145,164,184,188],"embedded.":[42],"From":[43],"perspective":[45],"scaffolding":[47],"it":[49],"understood":[51],"philosophy":[54],"cognitive":[56],"science":[57],"literature,":[58],"will":[60,83,125],"argue":[61],"that":[62,85,127,173],"qua":[64],"\u201cfriends\u201d":[65],"proving":[67],"be":[69],"damaging":[70],"overall":[73,137],"interests":[74,138],"users":[77],"who":[78,152],"engage":[79],"them.":[81],"We":[82],"show":[84],"this":[86],"generally":[87],"manifests":[88],"terms":[90],"a":[92],"growth":[93],"addictive":[96],"dependency":[97],"those":[98,148],"agents":[99],"have":[100],"on":[101],"LLM-\u201cfriends\u201d,":[102],"well":[104],"social":[107,116,181],"moral":[109],"deskilling":[110],"they":[111,118],"risk":[112],"suffering,":[113],"alongside":[114],"demotivation":[117],"likely":[120],"experience.":[122],"Furthermore,":[123],"contend":[126],"LLM-\u201cfriends\u201d":[128],"harmful":[132],"hostile,":[134],"whereby":[135],"agent":[141],"utilising":[142],"LLM":[144],"undermined":[146],"whilst":[147],"another":[150],"agent,":[151],"was":[153],"actively":[154,175],"involved":[155],"establishment":[158],"refinement":[160],"technology,":[163],"furthered.":[165],"This":[166],"\u201cother":[167],"agent\u201d":[168],"corporate":[171],"body":[172],"exploiting":[176],"profiting":[178],"from":[179],"difficulties":[182],"many":[183],"currently":[185],"facing,":[186],"evinced":[189],"most":[190],"markedly":[191],"by":[192],"reports":[193],"rampant":[195],"global":[196],"loneliness.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-02-27T00:00:00"}
