{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400424255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-024-09683-z","title":"Submarine Cables and the Risks to Digital Sovereignty","display_name":"Submarine Cables and the Risks to Digital Sovereignty","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400424255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-024-09683-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-024-09683-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-024-09683-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-024-09683-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096908959","display_name":"Abra Ganz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1499-666X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abra Ganz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Ethics Center, Yale University, 85 Trumbull St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1499-666X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Ethics Center, Yale University, 85 Trumbull St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096998920","display_name":"Martina Camellini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146975","display_name":"Zambon (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04zzq8d03","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martina Camellini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 27/29, 40126, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 27/29, 40126, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975","https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089355838","display_name":"Emmie Hine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5891-6324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115377","display_name":"VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpp8r91","country_code":"BE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802017950","https://openalex.org/I4210115377","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146975","display_name":"Zambon (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04zzq8d03","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["BE","IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmie Hine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for IT & IP Law, KU Leuven, Sint-Michielsstraat 6, 3000, Leuven, Belgium","Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 27/29, 40126, Bologna, Italy","Digital Ethics Center, Yale University, 85 Trumbull St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for IT & IP Law, KU Leuven, Sint-Michielsstraat 6, 3000, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115377"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 27/29, 40126, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975","https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Ethics Center, Yale University, 85 Trumbull St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086677960","display_name":"Claudio Novelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4193-8604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146975","display_name":"Zambon (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04zzq8d03","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Novelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 27/29, 40126, Bologna, Italy","Digital Ethics Center, Yale University, 85 Trumbull St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 27/29, 40126, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975","https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Ethics Center, Yale University, 85 Trumbull St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044309586","display_name":"Huw Roberts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-7245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huw Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles\u2019, Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles\u2019, Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046574356","display_name":"Luciano Floridi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-2280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146975","display_name":"Zambon (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04zzq8d03","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciano Floridi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 27/29, 40126, Bologna, Italy","Digital Ethics Center, Yale University, 85 Trumbull St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 27/29, 40126, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975","https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Ethics Center, Yale University, 85 Trumbull St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5096908959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":34.0132,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99699148,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12985","display_name":"Maritime Security and History","score":0.9437000155448914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12717","display_name":"Space exploration and regulation","score":0.9193000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submarine","display_name":"Submarine","score":0.7571068406105042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sovereignty","display_name":"Sovereignty","score":0.6712719202041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-science","display_name":"Philosophy of science","score":0.5825420618057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-mind","display_name":"Philosophy of mind","score":0.5175020694732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-computation","display_name":"Theory of computation","score":0.4294312596321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3888290226459503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34831666946411133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.33543097972869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33018237352371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.3296527862548828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3052145838737488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.2637177109718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.257821261882782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2552531957626343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.16556045413017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphysics","display_name":"Metaphysics","score":0.12588179111480713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.08846333622932434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121327165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2811","display_name":"Submarine","level":2,"score":0.7571068406105042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186229450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008","display_name":"Sovereignty","level":3,"score":0.6712719202041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.5825420618057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24726157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23407","display_name":"Philosophy of mind","level":3,"score":0.5175020694732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24858836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844718","display_name":"Theory of computation","level":2,"score":0.4294312596321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3888290226459503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34831666946411133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.33543097972869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33018237352371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.3296527862548828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3052145838737488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2637177109718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.257821261882782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2552531957626343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16556045413017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182744844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35277","display_name":"Metaphysics","level":2,"score":0.12588179111480713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.08846333622932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-024-09683-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-024-09683-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/746342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/746342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Minds And Machines, vol. 34 (3), Art.No. ARTN 31","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-024-09683-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-024-09683-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78492829","https://openalex.org/W296332443","https://openalex.org/W1579835267","https://openalex.org/W2098893304","https://openalex.org/W2275221825","https://openalex.org/W2320964744","https://openalex.org/W2560660926","https://openalex.org/W2988748994","https://openalex.org/W3003938966","https://openalex.org/W3016418043","https://openalex.org/W3048807588","https://openalex.org/W3094377838","https://openalex.org/W3121824733","https://openalex.org/W3144403199","https://openalex.org/W4220961245","https://openalex.org/W4225289255","https://openalex.org/W4287309896","https://openalex.org/W4289597961","https://openalex.org/W4312222208","https://openalex.org/W4313305554","https://openalex.org/W4362635856","https://openalex.org/W4386191991","https://openalex.org/W4387794061","https://openalex.org/W4388088033","https://openalex.org/W6734575192","https://openalex.org/W6922555553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2531287006","https://openalex.org/W4220673763","https://openalex.org/W2037107578","https://openalex.org/W2078814290","https://openalex.org/W1965227077","https://openalex.org/W2052861746","https://openalex.org/W2043402388","https://openalex.org/W2100605390","https://openalex.org/W2953698770","https://openalex.org/W109703496"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,60],"international":[1,141],"network":[2],"of":[3,18,57,62,107,125,140],"submarine":[4,23,63,98,172],"cables":[5,24,64,99,118],"plays":[6],"a":[7,66,138,168],"crucial":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,104,155],"facilitating":[11],"global":[12],"telecommunications":[13],"connectivity,":[14],"carrying":[15],"over":[16,97],"99%":[17],"all":[19],"internet":[20],"traffic.":[21],"However,":[22],"challenge":[25],"digital":[26,178],"sovereignty":[27],"due":[28],"to":[29,37,51,69,85,153,166,171],"their":[30],"ownership":[31],"structure,":[32],"cross-jurisdictional":[33],"nature,":[34],"and":[35,54,81,100,111,137,158],"vulnerabilities":[36],"malicious":[38],"actors.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"article,":[42],"we":[43],"assess":[44],"these":[45,58,92,121,150],"challenges,":[46],"current":[47,126],"policy":[48],"initiatives":[49],"designed":[50],"mitigate":[52],"them,":[53],"the":[55,71,105,117,123],"limitations":[56,136],"initiatives.":[59],"nature":[61],"curtails":[65],"state\u2019s":[67],"ability":[68,84],"regulate":[70],"infrastructure":[72],"on":[73,143],"which":[74],"it":[75],"relies,":[76],"reduces":[77],"its":[78,83],"data":[79],"security,":[80],"threatens":[82],"provide":[86],"telecommunication":[87],"services.":[88],"States":[89],"currently":[90],"address":[91],"challenges":[93],"through":[94],"regulatory":[95],"controls":[96],"associated":[101],"companies,":[102],"investing":[103],"development":[106],"additional":[108],"cable":[109,173],"infrastructure,":[110],"implementing":[112],"physical":[113],"protection":[114],"measures":[115],"for":[116],"themselves.":[119],"Despite":[120],"efforts,":[122],"effectiveness":[124],"mechanisms":[127],"is":[128],"hindered":[129],"by":[130,147],"significant":[131],"obstacles":[132,151],"arising":[133],"from":[134],"technical":[135],"lack":[139],"coordination":[142],"regulation.":[144],"We":[145],"conclude":[146],"noting":[148],"how":[149,161],"lead":[152],"gaps":[154],"states\u2019":[156,177],"policies":[157],"point":[159],"towards":[160],"they":[162],"could":[163],"be":[164],"improved":[165],"create":[167],"proactive":[169],"approach":[170],"governance":[174],"that":[175],"defends":[176],"sovereignty.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-09T07:27:16.801131","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}