{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313595305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y","title":"The Switch, the Ladder, and the Matrix: Models for Classifying AI Systems","display_name":"The Switch, the Ladder, and the Matrix: Models for Classifying AI Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313595305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025509228","display_name":"Jakob M\u00f6kander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-2582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jakob M\u00f6kander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Information Technology Policy, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA","Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles\u2019, Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-2582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Information Technology Policy, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles\u2019, Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065766538","display_name":"Margi Sheth","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I105036370","display_name":"AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04r9x1a08","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105036370"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margi Sheth","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&D Data Office, AstraZeneca PLC, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-563X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&D Data Office, AstraZeneca PLC, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105036370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067296979","display_name":"David Watson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-2159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David S. Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, King\u2019s College London, Bush House, London, WC2B 4BG, UK","Department of Informatics, King's College London, Bush House, London, WC2B 4BG, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-2159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, King\u2019s College London, Bush House, London, WC2B 4BG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, King's College London, Bush House, London, WC2B 4BG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046574356","display_name":"Luciano Floridi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-2280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146975","display_name":"Zambon (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04zzq8d03","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciano Floridi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 33, 40126, Bologna, Italy","Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles\u2019, Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-2280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 33, 40126, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294","https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles\u2019, Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025509228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843","https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":3.2989,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93354003,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"1","first_page":"221","last_page":"248"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6605355739593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.6299508810043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5501287579536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5114477872848511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4929918944835663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.4203414022922516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3489503562450409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.34610670804977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3213048577308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13043588399887085}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6605355739593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.6299508810043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5501287579536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5114477872848511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4929918944835663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4203414022922516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3489503562450409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.34610670804977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3213048577308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13043588399887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2407.05341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2407.05341","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.05341","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:openaire/bf1b8134-fd47-4b84-8efb-6619c537f5fe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/bf1b8134-fd47-4b84-8efb-6619c537f5fe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"M\u00f6kander, J, Sheth, M, Watson, D S & Floridi, L 2023, 'The Switch, the Ladder, and the Matrix : Models for Classifying AI Systems', MINDS AND MACHINES, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 221-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/bf1b8134-fd47-4b84-8efb-6619c537f5fe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85145613048&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"M\u00f6kander, J, Sheth, M, Watson, D S & Floridi, L 2023, 'The Switch, the Ladder, and the Matrix : Models for Classifying AI Systems', MINDS AND MACHINES, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 221-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-022-09620-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307770","display_name":"AstraZeneca","ror":"https://ror.org/04r9x1a08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313595305.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":106,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568033600","https://openalex.org/W1862210950","https://openalex.org/W1970758433","https://openalex.org/W2032152873","https://openalex.org/W2038887412","https://openalex.org/W2048735666","https://openalex.org/W2069641975","https://openalex.org/W2079283960","https://openalex.org/W2079455354","https://openalex.org/W2106534692","https://openalex.org/W2107532129","https://openalex.org/W2119858750","https://openalex.org/W2240086230","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2294076101","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2465463612","https://openalex.org/W2510750606","https://openalex.org/W2553338792","https://openalex.org/W2575439561","https://openalex.org/W2612890464","https://openalex.org/W2738428139","https://openalex.org/W2742108348","https://openalex.org/W2757072513","https://openalex.org/W2768432182","https://openalex.org/W2780153414","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2792908179","https://openalex.org/W2888079606","https://openalex.org/W2888649442","https://openalex.org/W2896245505","https://openalex.org/W2896833840","https://openalex.org/W2897042519","https://openalex.org/W2902427327","https://openalex.org/W2902461985","https://openalex.org/W2902634493","https://openalex.org/W2916303217","https://openalex.org/W2916688788","https://openalex.org/W2923772269","https://openalex.org/W2939861854","https://openalex.org/W2944988415","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2951073610","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2954266614","https://openalex.org/W2956792022","https://openalex.org/W2969912247","https://openalex.org/W2991542819","https://openalex.org/W2996541402","https://openalex.org/W3000603264","https://openalex.org/W3001807593","https://openalex.org/W3001867136","https://openalex.org/W3004528080","https://openalex.org/W3004797440","https://openalex.org/W3005742798","https://openalex.org/W3011281789","https://openalex.org/W3014632866","https://openalex.org/W3028000971","https://openalex.org/W3081343139","https://openalex.org/W3081716527","https://openalex.org/W3092010601","https://openalex.org/W3093022464","https://openalex.org/W3094585180","https://openalex.org/W3100279624","https://openalex.org/W3122548859","https://openalex.org/W3125550155","https://openalex.org/W3125569121","https://openalex.org/W3125809767","https://openalex.org/W3126531007","https://openalex.org/W3136552952","https://openalex.org/W3136960503","https://openalex.org/W3162616674","https://openalex.org/W3169309147","https://openalex.org/W3169442910","https://openalex.org/W3175297548","https://openalex.org/W3178786669","https://openalex.org/W3189192555","https://openalex.org/W3196804154","https://openalex.org/W3202452139","https://openalex.org/W3210785036","https://openalex.org/W3211982349","https://openalex.org/W3212020324","https://openalex.org/W3214281303","https://openalex.org/W4210916416","https://openalex.org/W4211208325","https://openalex.org/W4212915308","https://openalex.org/W4214629857","https://openalex.org/W4220929609","https://openalex.org/W4231885331","https://openalex.org/W4238858058","https://openalex.org/W4240224338","https://openalex.org/W4244751360","https://openalex.org/W4281723109","https://openalex.org/W4292223708","https://openalex.org/W4299833603","https://openalex.org/W4308875527","https://openalex.org/W4401115532","https://openalex.org/W6636768068","https://openalex.org/W6677916085","https://openalex.org/W6743716967","https://openalex.org/W6746355153","https://openalex.org/W6799082545","https://openalex.org/W6884649979","https://openalex.org/W6992926556","https://openalex.org/W7020828652","https://openalex.org/W7020879964"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367365664","https://openalex.org/W4293227618","https://openalex.org/W2136634148","https://openalex.org/W3122851392","https://openalex.org/W3122800671","https://openalex.org/W4250708772","https://openalex.org/W4288862737","https://openalex.org/W1984769753","https://openalex.org/W2129713739","https://openalex.org/W4249571711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Organisations":[1],"that":[2,87,93,128,174,194,241],"design":[3],"and":[4,25,56,76,109,184,205,222],"deploy":[5],"artificial":[6],"intelligence":[7],"(AI)":[8],"systems":[9,55,78,116,133,154,162,176,193,214,231,247],"increasingly":[10],"commit":[11],"themselves":[12],"to":[13,37,53,62,113,130,152,178,238,252],"high-level,":[14],"ethical":[15,81,180],"principles.":[16],"However,":[17],"there":[18,68],"still":[19],"exists":[20,69],"a":[21,45,148,171,189],"gap":[22],"between":[23],"principles":[24,60],"practices":[26],"in":[27,124,135],"AI":[28,39,58,115,122,132,161,213,230,246,259],"ethics.":[29],"One":[30],"major":[31],"obstacle":[32],"organisations":[33,240],"face":[34],"when":[35],"attempting":[36],"operationalise":[38],"Ethics":[40],"is":[41],"the":[42,51,118,144,167,179,185,249,254],"lack":[43],"of":[44,74,120,140,192,208,220,228,257],"well-defined":[46],"material":[47,255],"scope.":[48],"Put":[49],"differently,":[50],"question":[52],"which":[54,153],"processes":[57],"ethics":[59],"ought":[61],"apply":[63],"remains":[64],"unanswered.":[65],"Of":[66],"course,":[67],"no":[70],"universally":[71],"accepted":[72],"definition":[73],"AI,":[75],"different":[77,80,226],"pose":[79],"challenges.":[82],"Nevertheless,":[83],"pragmatic":[84],"problem-solving":[85],"demands":[86],"things":[88],"should":[89],"be":[90],"sorted":[91],"so":[92],"their":[94,165,258],"grouping":[95],"will":[96],"promote":[97],"successful":[98],"actions":[99],"for":[100,117,211],"some":[101],"specific":[102],"end.":[103],"In":[104],"this":[105],"article,":[106],"we":[107,236],"review":[108],"compare":[110],"previous":[111,136],"attempts":[112,129],"classify":[114,131],"purpose":[119],"implementing":[121],"governance":[123,260],"practice.":[125],"We":[126],"find":[127],"proposed":[134],"literature":[137],"use":[138],"one":[139],"three":[141],"mental":[142,234],"models:":[143],"Switch":[145],",":[146,169,187],"i.e.,":[147,170,188],"binary":[149],"approach":[150,173],"according":[151,177],"either":[155],"are":[156,158],"or":[157,244],"not":[159],"considered":[160],"depending":[163],"on":[164],"characteristics;":[166],"Ladder":[168],"risk-based":[172],"classifies":[175],"risks":[181],"they":[182],"pose;":[183],"Matrix":[186],"multi-dimensional":[190],"classification":[191],"take":[195],"various":[196],"aspects":[197],"into":[198,232],"account,":[199],"such":[200],"as":[201],"context,":[202],"input":[203],"data,":[204],"decision-model.":[206],"Each":[207],"these":[209],"models":[210],"classifying":[212,229],"comes":[215],"with":[216,248],"its":[217],"own":[218],"set":[219],"strengths":[221],"weaknesses.":[223],"By":[224],"conceptualising":[225],"ways":[227],"simple":[233],"models,":[235],"hope":[237],"provide":[239],"design,":[242],"deploy,":[243],"regulate":[245],"vocabulary":[250],"needed":[251],"demarcate":[253],"scope":[256],"frameworks.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
