{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310276584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09616-8","title":"The Turing Test is a Thought Experiment","display_name":"The Turing Test is a Thought Experiment","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310276584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09616-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-022-09616-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09616-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-022-09616-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-022-09616-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071598970","display_name":"Bernardo Gon\u00e7alves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2794-8478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bernardo Gon\u00e7alves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2794-8478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071598970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"fwci":49.5266,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99789778,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing","display_name":"Turing","score":0.7407315373420715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-test","display_name":"Turing test","score":0.6806023120880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/super-recursive-algorithm","display_name":"Super-recursive algorithm","score":0.6651559472084045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilemma","display_name":"Dilemma","score":0.6359736323356628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5635867118835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5068026185035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/description-number","display_name":"Description number","score":0.5029169917106628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-deterministic-turing-machine","display_name":"Non-deterministic Turing machine","score":0.48929521441459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.46579039096832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thought-experiment","display_name":"Thought experiment","score":0.45465707778930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.4498450458049774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.4029467701911926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-machine","display_name":"Turing machine","score":0.34392422437667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30102866888046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-turing-machine","display_name":"Universal Turing machine","score":0.2467077076435089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.24244481325149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.16439509391784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11241593956947327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9870796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490481","display_name":"Turing","level":2,"score":0.7407315373420715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C577917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189223","display_name":"Turing test","level":2,"score":0.6806023120880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31402856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295939","display_name":"Super-recursive algorithm","level":5,"score":0.6651559472084045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.6359736323356628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5635867118835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5068026185035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179061269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5263786","display_name":"Description number","level":5,"score":0.5029169917106628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15190523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190223","display_name":"Non-deterministic Turing machine","level":5,"score":0.48929521441459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.46579039096832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29554801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147027","display_name":"Thought experiment","level":2,"score":0.45465707778930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4498450458049774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4029467701911926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29248071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163310","display_name":"Turing machine","level":3,"score":0.34392422437667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30102866888046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131671149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2703890","display_name":"Universal Turing machine","level":4,"score":0.2467077076435089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24244481325149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.16439509391784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11241593956947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-022-09616-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09616-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-022-09616-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-022-09616-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09616-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-022-09616-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G492376931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19/21489-4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312064","display_name":"Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","ror":"https://ror.org/056tb7j80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323339","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310276584.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310276584.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78855793","https://openalex.org/W325749582","https://openalex.org/W1490170747","https://openalex.org/W1547668604","https://openalex.org/W1585299760","https://openalex.org/W1854326137","https://openalex.org/W1896925553","https://openalex.org/W1904361884","https://openalex.org/W1980661496","https://openalex.org/W1991116412","https://openalex.org/W1998405525","https://openalex.org/W2000465687","https://openalex.org/W2001446412","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2003453784","https://openalex.org/W2032148277","https://openalex.org/W2040141971","https://openalex.org/W2050026975","https://openalex.org/W2089192547","https://openalex.org/W2094176288","https://openalex.org/W2098553124","https://openalex.org/W2103809326","https://openalex.org/W2109620343","https://openalex.org/W2113235751","https://openalex.org/W2126160338","https://openalex.org/W2143080257","https://openalex.org/W2147520877","https://openalex.org/W2170862681","https://openalex.org/W2318843343","https://openalex.org/W2395697406","https://openalex.org/W2396255914","https://openalex.org/W2524754229","https://openalex.org/W2528776538","https://openalex.org/W2619020951","https://openalex.org/W2795712613","https://openalex.org/W2947152182","https://openalex.org/W3095718388","https://openalex.org/W3182978696","https://openalex.org/W3193997983","https://openalex.org/W4206554112","https://openalex.org/W4233530996","https://openalex.org/W4236521339","https://openalex.org/W4242228634","https://openalex.org/W4250791292","https://openalex.org/W4255202440","https://openalex.org/W4255953438","https://openalex.org/W6611227401","https://openalex.org/W6629295717","https://openalex.org/W6631524700","https://openalex.org/W6633891752","https://openalex.org/W6634088511","https://openalex.org/W6636029892","https://openalex.org/W6785985067","https://openalex.org/W6786000233","https://openalex.org/W6810629327","https://openalex.org/W7063980335"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W293759077","https://openalex.org/W2547364878","https://openalex.org/W2576489455","https://openalex.org/W1766691196","https://openalex.org/W2005641959","https://openalex.org/W2392422095","https://openalex.org/W3037709904","https://openalex.org/W2997518018","https://openalex.org/W2425603261","https://openalex.org/W1577680175"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"Turing":[2,70,119,182,222],"test":[3,35,78,120,156,202,223],"has":[4,26,79],"been":[5,27,80],"studied":[6],"and":[7,13,18,29,42,87,150,163,169,199,211],"run":[8],"as":[9,33,68,92,121],"a":[10,34,101,122,204,213,225],"controlled":[11],"experiment":[12,103,124],"found":[14],"to":[15,66,99,175,189,194,227],"be":[16,100],"underspecified":[17],"poorly":[19],"designed.":[20],"On":[21],"the":[22,45,51,57,69,74,77,110,118,126,137,144,161,185,207,221,228,235],"other":[23,197],"hand,":[24],"it":[25],"defended":[28],"still":[30,88],"attracts":[31],"interest":[32],"for":[36,83,104],"true":[37],"artificial":[38],"intelligence":[39,210],"(AI).":[40],"Scientists":[41],"philosophers":[43],"regret":[44],"test\u2019s":[46],"current":[47],"status,":[48],"acknowledging":[49],"that":[50,76,108,133,151],"situation":[52],"is":[53,89,112,131,179],"at":[54],"odds":[55],"with":[56],"intellectual":[58],"standards":[59],"of":[60,136,143,147,154,160,166,172,206,209,220],"Turing\u2019s":[61,134,152],"works.":[62],"This":[63,218],"article":[64],"refers":[65],"this":[67],"Test":[71],"Dilemma,":[72],"following":[73],"observation":[75],"under":[81],"discussion":[82],"over":[84],"seventy":[85],"years":[86],"widely":[90],"seen":[91],"either":[93],"too":[94,97],"bad":[95],"or":[96],"good":[98],"valuable":[102],"AI.":[105],"An":[106],"argument":[107],"solves":[109],"dilemma":[111],"presented,":[113],"which":[114],"relies":[115],"on":[116,215,231],"reconstructing":[117],"thought":[123,148,167,173],"in":[125,234],"modern":[127],"scientific":[128],"tradition.":[129],"It":[130,178],"argued":[132],"exposition":[135],"imitation":[138,186],"game":[139,187],"satisfies":[140],"Mach\u2019s":[141],"characterization":[142],"basic":[145],"method":[146],"experiments":[149,168,174],"uses":[153,165],"his":[155,201],"satisfy":[157],"Popper\u2019s":[158],"conception":[159],"critical":[162],"heuristic":[164],"Kuhn\u2019s":[170],"association":[171],"conceptual":[176],"change.":[177],"emphasized":[180],"how":[181,200],"methodically":[183],"varied":[184],"design":[188],"address":[190],"specific":[191],"challenges":[192],"posed":[193],"him":[195],"by":[196],"thinkers":[198],"illustrates":[203],"property":[205],"phenomenon":[208],"suggests":[212],"hypothesis":[214],"machine":[216],"learning.":[217],"reconstruction":[219],"provides":[224],"rapprochement":[226],"conflicting":[229],"views":[230],"its":[232],"value":[233],"literature.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}