{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3139732690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09598-7","title":"Local Explanations via Necessity and Sufficiency: Unifying Theory and Practice","display_name":"Local Explanations via Necessity and Sufficiency: Unifying Theory and Practice","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3139732690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09598-7","mag":"3139732690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-022-09598-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09598-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-022-09598-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-022-09598-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067296979","display_name":"David Watson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-2159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David S. Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-2159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069567772","display_name":"Limor Gultchin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Limor Gultchin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069391199","display_name":"Ankur Taly","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankur Taly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc., Mountain View, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc., Mountain View, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046574356","display_name":"Luciano Floridi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-2280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciano Floridi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-2280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Legal Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067296979","https://openalex.org/A5069567772"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210128584","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":3.0521,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92222844,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"1","first_page":"185","last_page":"218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6741904020309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watson","display_name":"Watson","score":0.6089490652084351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-computation","display_name":"Theory of computation","score":0.5549227595329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5361331105232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.5144591331481934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-science","display_name":"Philosophy of science","score":0.46461546421051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4548932909965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4120989441871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.3537708520889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.34047257900238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.15531089901924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13173046708106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6741904020309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12253","display_name":"Watson","level":2,"score":0.6089490652084351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24858836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844718","display_name":"Theory of computation","level":2,"score":0.5549227595329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5361331105232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5144591331481934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.46461546421051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4548932909965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4120989441871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3537708520889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.34047257900238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15531089901924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13173046708106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-022-09598-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09598-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-022-09598-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-022-09598-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-022-09598-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-022-09598-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4762136828","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N62909-19-1-2096","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139732690.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139732690.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":107,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W654254437","https://openalex.org/W941378780","https://openalex.org/W1540637571","https://openalex.org/W1563313569","https://openalex.org/W1590672634","https://openalex.org/W1984314602","https://openalex.org/W1984871604","https://openalex.org/W1985524461","https://openalex.org/W1996665390","https://openalex.org/W2041023757","https://openalex.org/W2045638068","https://openalex.org/W2048231652","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2079455354","https://openalex.org/W2094837707","https://openalex.org/W2099118166","https://openalex.org/W2113459411","https://openalex.org/W2118022153","https://openalex.org/W2137819283","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2169315100","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2487898712","https://openalex.org/W2516137114","https://openalex.org/W2578613799","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2765204106","https://openalex.org/W2788403449","https://openalex.org/W2789160704","https://openalex.org/W2789209926","https://openalex.org/W2796885425","https://openalex.org/W2799007037","https://openalex.org/W2891340972","https://openalex.org/W2903538854","https://openalex.org/W2910705748","https://openalex.org/W2912031212","https://openalex.org/W2920873626","https://openalex.org/W2923915248","https://openalex.org/W2945295328","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2953796333","https://openalex.org/W2956281901","https://openalex.org/W2959587146","https://openalex.org/W2962790223","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2962941306","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963276306","https://openalex.org/W2963412070","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964359568","https://openalex.org/W2966803129","https://openalex.org/W2969652118","https://openalex.org/W2990405323","https://openalex.org/W2995528912","https://openalex.org/W2998275867","https://openalex.org/W3001400233","https://openalex.org/W3005073185","https://openalex.org/W3007549203","https://openalex.org/W3013149459","https://openalex.org/W3014632866","https://openalex.org/W3015469787","https://openalex.org/W3023478397","https://openalex.org/W3024929012","https://openalex.org/W3081527501","https://openalex.org/W3082455399","https://openalex.org/W3092625790","https://openalex.org/W3096143746","https://openalex.org/W3100573319","https://openalex.org/W3101038122","https://openalex.org/W3101748278","https://openalex.org/W3103683805","https://openalex.org/W3104149808","https://openalex.org/W3105449709","https://openalex.org/W3116286104","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W3122175177","https://openalex.org/W3124792046","https://openalex.org/W3133236490","https://openalex.org/W3135487809","https://openalex.org/W3137125108","https://openalex.org/W3139535682","https://openalex.org/W3139732690","https://openalex.org/W3146613606","https://openalex.org/W3162198151","https://openalex.org/W3167062819","https://openalex.org/W3177428400","https://openalex.org/W3186135811","https://openalex.org/W3187997433","https://openalex.org/W4220858968","https://openalex.org/W4231827019","https://openalex.org/W4232307725","https://openalex.org/W4242356208","https://openalex.org/W4246671941","https://openalex.org/W4255871753","https://openalex.org/W4292923129","https://openalex.org/W6621863778","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6641529508","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6679713766","https://openalex.org/W6763426137","https://openalex.org/W6765073400","https://openalex.org/W6766985858","https://openalex.org/W6773902624","https://openalex.org/W6791741608","https://openalex.org/W7002254874"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3174693904","https://openalex.org/W2902037120","https://openalex.org/W2313409890","https://openalex.org/W2244083478","https://openalex.org/W4239406214","https://openalex.org/W2137350811","https://openalex.org/W2119897479","https://openalex.org/W4233948982","https://openalex.org/W4205258356","https://openalex.org/W2064421106"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Necessity":[1],"and":[2,22,79,88,109,120,133,143,155],"sufficiency":[3,89],"are":[4],"the":[5,55,83,166],"building":[6],"blocks":[7],"of":[8,49,86,106,135,165,174],"all":[9],"successful":[10],"explanations.":[11],"Yet":[12],"despite":[13],"their":[14],"importance,":[15],"these":[16,107],"notions":[17],"have":[18],"been":[19],"conceptually":[20],"underdeveloped":[21],"inconsistently":[23],"applied":[24],"in":[25,39,60,76,90,96],"explainable":[26],"artificial":[27],"intelligence":[28],"(XAI),":[29],"a":[30,50,97,103,118,130,171],"fast-growing":[31],"research":[32],"area":[33],"that":[34],"is":[35],"so":[36],"far":[37],"lacking":[38],"firm":[40],"theoretical":[41],"foundations.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44,71],"article,":[45],"an":[46],"expanded":[47],"version":[48],"paper":[51],"originally":[52],"presented":[53],"at":[54,149],"37th":[56],"Conference":[57],"on":[58,74,153,170],"Uncertainty":[59],"Artificial":[61],"Intelligence":[62],"(Watson":[63],"et":[64],"al.,":[65],"2021),":[66],"we":[67,81],"attempt":[68],"to":[69,129,140],"fill":[70],"gap.":[72],"Building":[73],"work":[75],"logic,":[77],"probability,":[78],"causality,":[80],"establish":[82],"central":[84],"role":[85],"necessity":[87],"XAI,":[91],"unifying":[92],"seemingly":[93],"disparate":[94],"methods":[95],"single":[98],"formal":[99],"framework.":[100],"We":[101,116],"propose":[102],"novel":[104],"formulation":[105],"concepts,":[108],"demonstrate":[110],"its":[111],"advantages":[112],"over":[113],"leading":[114],"alternatives.":[115],"present":[117],"sound":[119],"complete":[121],"algorithm":[122],"for":[123,146],"computing":[124],"explanatory":[125],"factors":[126],"with":[127],"respect":[128],"given":[131],"context":[132],"set":[134],"agentive":[136],"preferences,":[137],"allowing":[138],"users":[139],"identify":[141],"necessary":[142],"sufficient":[144],"conditions":[145],"desired":[147],"outcomes":[148],"minimal":[150],"cost.":[151],"Experiments":[152],"real":[154],"simulated":[156],"data":[157],"confirm":[158],"our":[159],"method\u2019s":[160],"competitive":[161],"performance":[162],"against":[163],"state":[164],"art":[167],"XAI":[168],"tools":[169],"diverse":[172],"array":[173],"tasks.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}