{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130234976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-021-09557-8","title":"Ethics-Based Auditing to Develop Trustworthy AI","display_name":"Ethics-Based Auditing to Develop Trustworthy AI","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130234976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-021-09557-8","mag":"3130234976"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-021-09557-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-021-09557-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-021-09557-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-021-09557-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025509228","display_name":"Jakob M\u00f6kander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-2582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jakob M\u00f6kander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles\u2019, Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-2582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles\u2019, Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046574356","display_name":"Luciano Floridi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-2280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125680101","display_name":"Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02x2mw849","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125680101"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciano Floridi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Rd, London, NW1 2DB, UK","Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles\u2019, Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-2280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Rd, London, NW1 2DB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125680101","https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles\u2019, Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025509228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":35.0215,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":234,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99810502,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"323","last_page":"327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.7976154685020447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-ethics","display_name":"Information ethics","score":0.5028650164604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.4853571951389313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-ethics","display_name":"Business ethics","score":0.47592952847480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4520612955093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.4502888023853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-ethics","display_name":"Applied ethics","score":0.43943488597869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethics-of-technology","display_name":"Ethics of technology","score":0.4366741180419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.35114264488220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-ethics","display_name":"Meta-ethics","score":0.3024866580963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2617484927177429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.24057993292808533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17873221635818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.17338111996650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.17198854684829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.11598905920982361}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.7976154685020447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93474598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662553","display_name":"Information ethics","level":2,"score":0.5028650164604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.4853571951389313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119232533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873451","display_name":"Business ethics","level":2,"score":0.47592952847480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4520612955093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.4502888023853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59377095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538733","display_name":"Applied ethics","level":2,"score":0.43943488597869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207665656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5403493","display_name":"Ethics of technology","level":4,"score":0.4366741180419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.35114264488220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197549326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56003","display_name":"Meta-ethics","level":3,"score":0.3024866580963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2617484927177429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24057993292808533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17873221635818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.17338111996650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.17198854684829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11598905920982361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-021-09557-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-021-09557-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-021-09557-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.00002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.00002","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.00002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11023-021-09557-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-021-09557-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11023-021-09557-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160466889","display_name":"Minds and Machines","issn_l":"0924-6495","issn":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minds and Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130234976.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130234976.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W582315782","https://openalex.org/W2954266614","https://openalex.org/W3001807593","https://openalex.org/W3017343191","https://openalex.org/W4233227981","https://openalex.org/W7062414170"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992906615","https://openalex.org/W2388468845","https://openalex.org/W2087007820","https://openalex.org/W4301138648","https://openalex.org/W2367798832","https://openalex.org/W2601440488","https://openalex.org/W3145544010","https://openalex.org/W4221142318","https://openalex.org/W2062585004","https://openalex.org/W1973274394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"series":[2],"of":[3,45,72,86,136,149],"recent":[4],"developments":[5],"points":[6],"towards":[7],"auditing":[8,40,81,132],"as":[9],"a":[10,87,96],"promising":[11],"mechanism":[12],"to":[13,66,141],"bridge":[14],"the":[15,43,68,84,116,143],"gap":[16],"between":[17],"principles":[18],"and":[19,56,70,78,89,99,105,114,125,146],"practice":[20],"in":[21],"AI":[22],"ethics.":[23],"Building":[24],"on":[25],"ongoing":[26],"discussions":[27],"concerning":[28],"ethics-based":[29,39,73,80,120,131],"auditing,":[30],"we":[31,36,61,112],"offer":[32],"three":[33],"contributions.":[34],"First,":[35],"argue":[37],"that":[38],"can":[41,130],"improve":[42],"quality":[44],"decision":[46],"making,":[47],"increase":[48],"user":[49],"satisfaction,":[50],"unlock":[51],"growth":[52],"potential,":[53],"enable":[54],"law-making,":[55],"relieve":[57],"human":[58],"suffering.":[59],"Second,":[60],"highlight":[62],"current":[63],"best":[64],"practices":[65],"support":[67],"design":[69],"implementation":[71],"auditing:":[74],"To":[75],"be":[76,100],"feasible":[77],"effective,":[79],"should":[82],"take":[83],"form":[85],"continuous":[88],"constructive":[90],"process,":[91],"approach":[92],"ethical":[93,134],"alignment":[94,135],"from":[95],"system":[97],"perspective,":[98],"aligned":[101],"with":[102,119],"public":[103],"policies":[104],"incentives":[106],"for":[107,127],"ethically":[108],"desirable":[109],"behaviour.":[110],"Third,":[111],"identify":[113],"discuss":[115],"constraints":[117,129],"associated":[118],"auditing.":[121],"Only":[122],"by":[123],"understanding":[124],"accounting":[126],"these":[128],"facilitate":[133],"AI,":[137],"while":[138],"enabling":[139],"society":[140],"reap":[142],"full":[144],"economic":[145],"social":[147],"benefits":[148],"automation.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}