{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162189629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06930-x","title":"Mitigating Security Risks in Large Language Models: A Full Lifecycle Perspective","display_name":"Mitigating Security Risks in Large Language Models: A Full Lifecycle Perspective","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162189629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06930-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-025-06930-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06930-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038641755","display_name":"Y.K. Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136831824","display_name":"Zhixin Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixin Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136824454","display_name":"Jing Huo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100736483","display_name":"Boyan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0088-2106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Taihu Road, Suzhou, 215163, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Taihu Road, Suzhou, 215163, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134302717","display_name":"Jiaheng Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Taihu Road, Suzhou, 215163, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Taihu Road, Suzhou, 215163, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102714720","display_name":"Hongye Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-2295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongye Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136816803","display_name":"Fanyu Meng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fanyu Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, 100031, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing, 100031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103133745","display_name":"Xi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2981-3972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215011, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215011, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136834660","display_name":"Yang Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5136824454"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54547001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"115","issue":"6","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.11180000007152557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.11180000007152557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.0738999992609024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.06629999727010727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-information-and-event-management","display_name":"Security information and event management","score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-security-studies","display_name":"Critical security studies","score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-through-obscurity","display_name":"Security through obscurity","score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-model","display_name":"Threat model","score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-engineering","display_name":"Security engineering","score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management","display_name":"Risk management","score":0.3231000006198883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505623098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3002932","display_name":"Critical security studies","level":5,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114869243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133735","display_name":"Security through obscurity","level":5,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13159133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365674","display_name":"Security engineering","level":5,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17520342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797190","display_name":"Threat","level":5,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986663376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9465","display_name":"Ethical issues","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35280785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559486","display_name":"System lifecycle","level":4,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509929229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3312693","display_name":"International security","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780264999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445032","display_name":"Security domain","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79165680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1280151","display_name":"Security studies","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-025-06930-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06930-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4945778548717499,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2328581383","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2767813700","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62192783","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3352541487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20243051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1594706025","https://openalex.org/W1873763122","https://openalex.org/W2024904820","https://openalex.org/W2297844173","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2606882085","https://openalex.org/W2973217491","https://openalex.org/W3035367371","https://openalex.org/W3100355250","https://openalex.org/W3121596465","https://openalex.org/W3171850892","https://openalex.org/W3176270593","https://openalex.org/W3177765786","https://openalex.org/W3184144760","https://openalex.org/W3201174429","https://openalex.org/W4281486913","https://openalex.org/W4281919074","https://openalex.org/W4317513928","https://openalex.org/W4319780902","https://openalex.org/W4319879104","https://openalex.org/W4322766882","https://openalex.org/W4360838298","https://openalex.org/W4367368092","https://openalex.org/W4384561707","https://openalex.org/W4385452929","https://openalex.org/W4385570262","https://openalex.org/W4385570794","https://openalex.org/W4385572634","https://openalex.org/W4385573200","https://openalex.org/W4385573569","https://openalex.org/W4385734287","https://openalex.org/W4385894687","https://openalex.org/W4388886073","https://openalex.org/W4389518687","https://openalex.org/W4389519044","https://openalex.org/W4389519269","https://openalex.org/W4389519291","https://openalex.org/W4389519367","https://openalex.org/W4389519496","https://openalex.org/W4389523893","https://openalex.org/W4389524372","https://openalex.org/W4393146522","https://openalex.org/W4393160410","https://openalex.org/W4396578896","https://openalex.org/W4396760408","https://openalex.org/W4398191955","https://openalex.org/W4399518864","https://openalex.org/W4399528455","https://openalex.org/W4399795433","https://openalex.org/W4399881480","https://openalex.org/W4400315206","https://openalex.org/W4400484590","https://openalex.org/W4401042136","https://openalex.org/W4401042259","https://openalex.org/W4401042350","https://openalex.org/W4401042646","https://openalex.org/W4401042878","https://openalex.org/W4401042972","https://openalex.org/W4401043416","https://openalex.org/W4401545746","https://openalex.org/W4401857637","https://openalex.org/W4401863513","https://openalex.org/W4402264526","https://openalex.org/W4402667010","https://openalex.org/W4402670146","https://openalex.org/W4402670540","https://openalex.org/W4402671155","https://openalex.org/W4402671229","https://openalex.org/W4402671407","https://openalex.org/W4402671769","https://openalex.org/W4402671843","https://openalex.org/W4404515031","https://openalex.org/W4404782334","https://openalex.org/W4404783304","https://openalex.org/W4404783584","https://openalex.org/W4405181744","https://openalex.org/W4405367158","https://openalex.org/W4406458681","https://openalex.org/W4407743910","https://openalex.org/W4408566110","https://openalex.org/W4411112895","https://openalex.org/W4411113000","https://openalex.org/W4411113002","https://openalex.org/W4411337650","https://openalex.org/W4412130408","https://openalex.org/W4412888589","https://openalex.org/W7126385719","https://openalex.org/W7131867376","https://openalex.org/W7133204634"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-05-24T00:00:00"}