{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416659625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06923-w","title":"Minimal learning machine for multi-label learning","display_name":"Minimal learning machine for multi-label learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416659625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06923-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-025-06923-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06923-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06923-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035523966","display_name":"Joonas H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8466-9232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joonas H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065427933","display_name":"Antoine Hubermont","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6737-8141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149768937","display_name":"University of Namur","ror":"https://ror.org/03d1maw17","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149768937"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128500","display_name":"Flemish Radio and Television Broadcasting Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/048954822","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128500"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoine Hubermont","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telespazio Belgium, Bastogne, 6600, Belgium","University of Namur, Namur, 5000, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telespazio Belgium, Bastogne, 6600, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Namur, Namur, 5000, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149768937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000513159","display_name":"Amauri H. Souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2912-0781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018325552","display_name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Cear\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/02225fd27","country_code":"BR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018325552"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amauri Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Cear\u00e1\u2014IFCE, Maracan, CE, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Cear\u00e1\u2014IFCE, Maracan, CE, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018325552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009178588","display_name":"C\u00e9sar Mattos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2404-3625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I243754102","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03srtnf24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C\u00e9sar L. C. Mattos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Cear\u00e1\u2014UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Cear\u00e1\u2014UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060534675","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o P. P. Gomes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-595X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I243754102","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03srtnf24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o P. P. Gomes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Cear\u00e1\u2014UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Cear\u00e1\u2014UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056914205","display_name":"Tommi K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0327-1167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tommi K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035523966"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":2.3568,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91939158,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"114","issue":"12","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.8871999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.8871999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.012299999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-machine-learning","display_name":"Online machine learning","score":0.663100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","score":0.5936999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistic","display_name":"Statistic","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instance-based-learning","display_name":"Instance-based learning","score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4523000121116638}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7199000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094097","display_name":"Online machine learning","level":3,"score":0.663100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6528000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6208999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5936999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89128539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963","display_name":"Statistic","level":2,"score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24138899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141258","display_name":"Instance-based learning","level":3,"score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50292564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2462783","display_name":"Computational learning theory","level":3,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780735816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324931","display_name":"Incremental learning","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17061570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7960888","display_name":"Wake-sleep algorithm","level":4,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199190896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3509276","display_name":"Learning classifier system","level":3,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120822770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156355","display_name":"Competitive learning","level":3,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2639959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1344778","display_name":"Distance measures","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32254414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4724364","display_name":"Algorithmic learning theory","level":3,"score":0.25270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-025-06923-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06923-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.unamur.be:openaire_cris_publications/7a5e050e-50b5-4970-9bc9-5f18fa0d39d7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchportal.unamur.be/en/publications/7a5e050e-50b5-4970-9bc9-5f18fa0d39d7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922457","display_name":"Repository of the University of Namur","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, J, Hubermont, A, Souza, A, Mattos, C L C, Gomes, J P P & K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen, T 2025, 'Minimal learning machine for multi-label learning', Machine Learning, vol. 114, no. 12, 289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06923-w","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-025-06923-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06923-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323168","display_name":"Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n Yliopisto","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W579920800","https://openalex.org/W822107414","https://openalex.org/W1550629956","https://openalex.org/W1999954155","https://openalex.org/W2003938839","https://openalex.org/W2009985472","https://openalex.org/W2046380547","https://openalex.org/W2049312801","https://openalex.org/W2050297026","https://openalex.org/W2052684427","https://openalex.org/W2063249739","https://openalex.org/W2094244309","https://openalex.org/W2114315281","https://openalex.org/W2118712128","https://openalex.org/W2119466907","https://openalex.org/W2121325443","https://openalex.org/W2132139283","https://openalex.org/W2138290126","https://openalex.org/W2145827727","https://openalex.org/W2146241755","https://openalex.org/W2147169375","https://openalex.org/W2154775390","https://openalex.org/W2156935079","https://openalex.org/W2246162424","https://openalex.org/W2283039974","https://openalex.org/W2291955298","https://openalex.org/W2323397508","https://openalex.org/W2443284789","https://openalex.org/W2519969774","https://openalex.org/W2522701101","https://openalex.org/W2582268762","https://openalex.org/W2607041163","https://openalex.org/W2609724507","https://openalex.org/W2765113004","https://openalex.org/W2767245172","https://openalex.org/W2782959635","https://openalex.org/W2810959151","https://openalex.org/W2889149926","https://openalex.org/W2889271120","https://openalex.org/W2896185523","https://openalex.org/W2899723324","https://openalex.org/W2900758626","https://openalex.org/W2904319794","https://openalex.org/W2905927259","https://openalex.org/W2907669945","https://openalex.org/W2912750253","https://openalex.org/W2913978442","https://openalex.org/W2914205480","https://openalex.org/W2914876074","https://openalex.org/W2928389720","https://openalex.org/W2940901905","https://openalex.org/W2947746104","https://openalex.org/W2948559467","https://openalex.org/W2964853047","https://openalex.org/W2969932435","https://openalex.org/W2980360232","https://openalex.org/W2981142240","https://openalex.org/W2988260770","https://openalex.org/W2999601335","https://openalex.org/W3013246316","https://openalex.org/W3030458954","https://openalex.org/W3034859911","https://openalex.org/W3036562957","https://openalex.org/W3037899888","https://openalex.org/W3042816745","https://openalex.org/W3043763597","https://openalex.org/W3048192479","https://openalex.org/W3053958142","https://openalex.org/W3081879519","https://openalex.org/W3081886688","https://openalex.org/W3083277824","https://openalex.org/W3086199683","https://openalex.org/W3086698630","https://openalex.org/W3087374048","https://openalex.org/W3094332970","https://openalex.org/W3096564284","https://openalex.org/W3097634570","https://openalex.org/W3099430692","https://openalex.org/W3109641518","https://openalex.org/W3111485235","https://openalex.org/W3116425023","https://openalex.org/W3120253499","https://openalex.org/W3125723491","https://openalex.org/W3130451294","https://openalex.org/W3135854502","https://openalex.org/W3136660290","https://openalex.org/W3195285466","https://openalex.org/W3200340827","https://openalex.org/W3205749498","https://openalex.org/W3206156738","https://openalex.org/W4200324364","https://openalex.org/W4205765055","https://openalex.org/W4224245290","https://openalex.org/W4224325974","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4238371321","https://openalex.org/W4289341947","https://openalex.org/W4309566825","https://openalex.org/W4311770445"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Distance-based":[1],"supervised":[2],"method,":[3],"the":[4,37,53,62,67,71,91,130,135,138],"minimal":[5],"learning":[6,15,73,84,151],"machine,":[7],"constructs":[8],"a":[9,16,108,145],"predictive":[10],"model":[11],"from":[12],"data":[13],"by":[14],"mapping":[17,55],"between":[18],"input":[19],"and":[20,31],"output":[21],"distance":[22,38,54,59,124],"matrices.":[23],"In":[24,86,117],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"we":[27,127],"propose":[28],"new":[29],"methods":[30,69],"evaluate":[32],"how":[33],"their":[34],"core":[35],"component,":[36],"mapping,":[39],"can":[40,99,133],"be":[41,100],"adapted":[42],"to":[43,81,88,120],"multi-label":[44,72,83,141],"learning.":[45],"The":[46],"proposed":[47,92,131],"approach":[48],"is":[49,64,94,144],"based":[50],"on":[51],"combining":[52],"with":[56],"an":[57],"inverse":[58],"weighting.":[60],"Although":[61],"proposal":[63],"one":[65],"of":[66,137],"simplest":[68],"in":[70],"literature,":[74],"it":[75],"achieves":[76],"state-of-the-art":[77],"performance":[78],"for":[79,140,148],"small":[80],"moderate-sized":[82],"problems.":[85],"addition":[87],"its":[89,121],"simplicity,":[90],"method":[93,132],"fully":[95],"deterministic:":[96],"Its":[97],"hyper-parameter":[98,115],"selected":[101],"via":[102],"ranking":[103],"loss-based":[104],"statistic":[105],"which":[106,143],"has":[107],"closed":[109],"form,":[110],"thus":[111],"avoiding":[112],"conventional":[113],"cross-validation-based":[114],"tuning.":[116],"addition,":[118],"due":[119],"simple":[122],"linear":[123],"mapping-based":[125],"construction,":[126],"demonstrate":[128],"that":[129],"assess":[134],"uncertainty":[136],"predictions":[139],"classification,":[142],"valuable":[146],"capability":[147],"data-centric":[149],"machine":[150],"pipelines.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-11-27T00:00:00"}