{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410801160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06789-y","title":"Learning using statistical invariants: when they work and when they don\u2019t","display_name":"Learning using statistical invariants: when they work and when they don\u2019t","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410801160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06789-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-025-06789-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06789-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-025-06789-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-025-06789-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010402363","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7913-6463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Golisano College of Computing and Information Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Golisano College of Computing and Information Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070827124","display_name":"Ernest Fokou\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0748-9166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernest Fokoue","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034041554","display_name":"Daniel E. Krutz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0310-3086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel E. Krutz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Golisano College of Computing and Information Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Golisano College of Computing and Information Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010402363"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.2644,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83915199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"114","issue":"7","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5693055391311646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-learning","display_name":"Statistical learning","score":0.47851312160491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4215688109397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4092327952384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40103864669799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.36550602316856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.33211982250213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12007692456245422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.07245662808418274}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5693055391311646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982736386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Statistical learning","level":2,"score":0.47851312160491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4215688109397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4092327952384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40103864669799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.36550602316856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33211982250213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12007692456245422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07245662808418274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-025-06789-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06789-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-025-06789-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-025-06789-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06789-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-025-06789-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410801160.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410801160.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146900863","https://openalex.org/W937846259","https://openalex.org/W1751065891","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W2015140204","https://openalex.org/W2041406732","https://openalex.org/W2059890424","https://openalex.org/W2067562626","https://openalex.org/W2069225091","https://openalex.org/W2092692582","https://openalex.org/W2139197588","https://openalex.org/W2150590096","https://openalex.org/W2160059488","https://openalex.org/W2558748708","https://openalex.org/W2769152880","https://openalex.org/W2884692446","https://openalex.org/W2912280829","https://openalex.org/W2984396344","https://openalex.org/W3157282745","https://openalex.org/W4250628115","https://openalex.org/W4385484513","https://openalex.org/W4398219503","https://openalex.org/W6683403342","https://openalex.org/W6694954494","https://openalex.org/W6729022060","https://openalex.org/W6734797129","https://openalex.org/W6963999716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W2142036596","https://openalex.org/W2072657027","https://openalex.org/W2962838298","https://openalex.org/W2600246793"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"Learning":[2],"Using":[3],"Statistical":[4],"Invariants":[5],"(LUSI)":[6],"method":[7],"is":[8],"designed":[9],"to":[10,22,27,104,124],"integrate":[11],"domain":[12],"knowledge":[13,152],"into":[14,153],"machine":[15,154],"learning":[16],"models":[17],"using":[18],"structured":[19],"elements":[20],"referred":[21],"as":[23,92],"\u201cpredicates.\u201dThis":[24],"approach":[25],"aims":[26],"improve":[28],"model":[29],"performance":[30,106],"and":[31,54,107,122,146,163],"reduce":[32],"the":[33,42,46,74,83,88,95,98,136,139],"amount":[34],"of":[35,45,64,77,80,85,97,141],"data":[36],"required":[37],"for":[38,132,160],"training":[39],"by":[40],"leveraging":[41],"inherent":[43],"properties":[44],"domain.":[47],"However,":[48],"through":[49],"a":[50,130,144,157],"thorough":[51],"theoretical":[52],"analysis":[53],"numerical":[55],"experiments,":[56],"we":[57],"demonstrate":[58],"that":[59],"LUSI":[60,111,142],"often":[61,102],"falls":[62],"short":[63],"its":[65,119],"intended":[66],"goal.":[67],"Our":[68],"findings":[69],"reveal":[70],"significant":[71],"flaws":[72],"in":[73],"current":[75],"formulation":[76],"LUSI;":[78],"instead":[79],"effectively":[81],"narrowing":[82],"set":[84],"admissible":[86],"functions,":[87],"predicates":[89],"act":[90],"primarily":[91],"constraints":[93],"on":[94],"output":[96],"model,":[99],"which":[100],"can":[101],"lead":[103],"underwhelming":[105],"limited":[108],"generalization.":[109],"While":[110],"may":[112],"produce":[113],"marginal":[114],"improvements":[115],"under":[116],"specific":[117],"conditions,":[118],"overall":[120],"limitations":[121],"inability":[123],"consistently":[125],"deliver":[126],"intelligence-driven":[127],"enhancements":[128],"suggest":[129],"need":[131],"further":[133],"refinement.":[134],"Despite":[135],"identified":[137],"limitations,":[138],"introduction":[140],"represents":[143],"timely":[145],"important":[147],"step":[148],"towards":[149],"integrating":[150],"domain-specific":[151],"learning,":[155],"highlighting":[156],"promising":[158],"direction":[159],"future":[161],"research":[162],"development.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
