{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409740531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06767-4","title":"Developing safe and responsible large language model: can we balance bias reduction and language understanding?","display_name":"Developing safe and responsible large language model: can we balance bias reduction and language understanding?","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409740531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06767-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-025-06767-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06767-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053939840","display_name":"Shaina Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1061-5845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127509","display_name":"Vector Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqdja62","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127509"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shaina Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Engineering, Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Engineering, Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092998385","display_name":"Oluwanifemi Bamgbose","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127509","display_name":"Vector Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqdja62","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127509"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oluwanifemi Bamgbose","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Engineering, Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Engineering, Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092998387","display_name":"Shardul Ghuge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127509","display_name":"Vector Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqdja62","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127509"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shardul Ghuge","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Engineering, Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Engineering, Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067913706","display_name":"Fatemeh Tavakoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5232-7289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127509","display_name":"Vector Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqdja62","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127509"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Tavakoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Engineering, Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Engineering, Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036972167","display_name":"Deepak John Reji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-0237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak John Reji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Limerick, Castletroy, V94 T9PX, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Limerick, Castletroy, V94 T9PX, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054536281","display_name":"Syed Raza Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8123-919X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Raza Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053939840"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127509"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.1386,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98209814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"114","issue":"6","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.621862530708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance","display_name":"Balance (ability)","score":0.5332825779914856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5302785634994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3316989541053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3203960955142975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2779935300350189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1283409595489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.10060957074165344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.621862530708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.5332825779914856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5302785634994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3316989541053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3203960955142975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2779935300350189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1283409595489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.10060957074165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-025-06767-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-025-06767-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W2183659962","https://openalex.org/W2782011190","https://openalex.org/W2962974452","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3123340107","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3135734416","https://openalex.org/W3174770825","https://openalex.org/W3176477796","https://openalex.org/W3201174429","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4283157527","https://openalex.org/W4285210452","https://openalex.org/W4378509449","https://openalex.org/W4385571411","https://openalex.org/W4385574250","https://openalex.org/W4385734253","https://openalex.org/W4399528455","https://openalex.org/W4402670124","https://openalex.org/W6600156344","https://openalex.org/W6600195515","https://openalex.org/W6600339963","https://openalex.org/W6601271852","https://openalex.org/W6630191597","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6847076894"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-10T08:33:47.465468","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
