{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406464115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06706-9","title":"SPA: A poisoning attack framework for graph neural networks through searching and pairing","display_name":"SPA: A poisoning attack framework for graph neural networks through searching and pairing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406464115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06706-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-024-06706-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06706-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-024-06706-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-024-06706-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101726466","display_name":"Xiao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8400-7052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037501616","display_name":"Junjie Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2986-4665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun-Jie Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103149594","display_name":"Wentao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2906-3238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wentao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102677951","display_name":"Ziyue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7041-0913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100679794","display_name":"Zihan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8387-5687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102234458","display_name":"Yi Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5417-6013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Deya Road, Changsha, 410073, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101726466"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":2.2845,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87352527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"114","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9661999940872192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairing","display_name":"Pairing","score":0.8382744789123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5546193718910217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5086239576339722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5024862289428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42093777656555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37773188948631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3531702160835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0920858383178711}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14103023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681459","display_name":"Pairing","level":3,"score":0.8382744789123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5546193718910217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5086239576339722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5024862289428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42093777656555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37773188948631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3531702160835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0920858383178711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54101563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124131","display_name":"Superconductivity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-024-06706-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06706-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-024-06706-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-024-06706-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06706-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-024-06706-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5084851867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324150","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406464115.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406464115.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152284345","https://openalex.org/W2153959628","https://openalex.org/W2162630660","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2492695942","https://openalex.org/W2508833275","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2765424254","https://openalex.org/W2803831897","https://openalex.org/W2899157217","https://openalex.org/W2908461307","https://openalex.org/W2964583308","https://openalex.org/W2964971928","https://openalex.org/W2966149470","https://openalex.org/W2984323660","https://openalex.org/W2997035976","https://openalex.org/W2998008360","https://openalex.org/W3004423099","https://openalex.org/W3026228083","https://openalex.org/W3038342492","https://openalex.org/W3081143753","https://openalex.org/W3098276446","https://openalex.org/W3101158652","https://openalex.org/W3101413764","https://openalex.org/W3103557498","https://openalex.org/W3119620654","https://openalex.org/W3120491054","https://openalex.org/W3165148700","https://openalex.org/W3174629335","https://openalex.org/W3175971420","https://openalex.org/W3193669819","https://openalex.org/W3199073975","https://openalex.org/W3205610181","https://openalex.org/W3206686827","https://openalex.org/W3208956781","https://openalex.org/W4205902690","https://openalex.org/W4220684798","https://openalex.org/W4225928697","https://openalex.org/W4285604301","https://openalex.org/W4293081734","https://openalex.org/W4295921726","https://openalex.org/W4303471067","https://openalex.org/W4306317081","https://openalex.org/W4312442707","https://openalex.org/W4382240648","https://openalex.org/W4382491779","https://openalex.org/W4387363963","https://openalex.org/W4387546320","https://openalex.org/W4390012300","https://openalex.org/W4392904526","https://openalex.org/W6697634807","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6751569023","https://openalex.org/W6917172014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3015473028","https://openalex.org/W3201176751","https://openalex.org/W1993094293","https://openalex.org/W2029180842","https://openalex.org/W2024971119","https://openalex.org/W2057898405","https://openalex.org/W2953807518","https://openalex.org/W2258335979","https://openalex.org/W2890366349","https://openalex.org/W3119345543"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graph":[0],"Neural":[1],"Networks":[2],"(GNN)":[3],"have":[4,51],"played":[5],"an":[6],"important":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,42,55,61,152,212],"many":[10],"fields,":[11],"while":[12,151],"GNNs":[13],"also":[14],"suffer":[15],"from":[16],"adversarial":[17,33,40,48,59,91,96,105,113,202],"attacks":[18],"that":[19,178],"aim":[20],"to":[21,69,74,88,144,172,184],"malfunction":[22],"the":[23,28,46,112,134,139,147,153,180,186,191,200,213],"GNN":[24],"model":[25],"by":[26,93,137],"changing":[27],"adjacency":[29],"matrix":[30],"(i.e.":[31,38],"generating":[32,39],"edges)":[34],"or":[35],"node":[36],"features":[37],"features)":[41],"graph":[43,62,162],"data.":[44],"Although":[45],"gradient-based":[47],"attack":[49,135,203,215],"methods":[50,204],"achieved":[52],"remarkable":[53],"results":[54],"DNNs,":[56],"optimizing":[57],"discrete":[58],"edges":[60,92,114],"data":[63],"using":[64,138],"continuous":[65],"gradients":[66],"may":[67],"lead":[68],"sub-optimal":[70],"solutions.":[71],"In":[72],"order":[73],"alleviate":[75],"this":[76],"situation,":[77],"we":[78,158],"propose":[79,159],"a":[80,99,102,116,121,160,166,174,207,220],"novel":[81,167],"Searching":[82,118,128,193],"and":[83,120,205],"Pairing":[84,123,155],"Attack":[85],"(SPA)":[86],"method":[87,110,198],"effectively":[89],"generate":[90,173],"treating":[94],"each":[95],"edge":[97],"as":[98,183],"combination":[100],"of":[101,104,141,176,210,223],"pair":[103],"nodes.":[106],"The":[107,125,195],"proposed":[108,126,196],"SPA":[109,197],"generates":[111],"through":[115],"Node":[117,122,127,154,192],"step":[119,157],"step.":[124,194],"Ant":[129],"Colony":[130],"Optimization":[131],"(NS-ACO)":[132],"improves":[133],"effect":[136],"ability":[140],"heuristic":[142],"algorithm":[143],"quickly":[145],"find":[146],"approximate":[148],"optimal":[149],"solution,":[150],"(NP)":[156],"generative":[161],"convolutional":[163],"network":[164],"with":[165,190,219],"Aggregate":[168],"Cooperative":[169],"(AC)":[170],"layer":[171],"set":[175,188],"nodes":[177],"meet":[179],"constraints,":[181],"so":[182],"obtain":[185],"perturbation":[187,221],"together":[189],"outperforms":[199],"state-of-the-art":[201],"achieves":[206],"misclassification":[208],"rate":[209,222],"32.5%":[211],"poisoning":[214],"on":[216],"Cora":[217],"dataset":[218],"0.5%.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}