{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400448902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06571-6","title":"Conformal predictions for probabilistically robust scalable machine learning classification","display_name":"Conformal predictions for probabilistically robust scalable machine learning classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400448902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06571-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-024-06571-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06571-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-024-06571-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-024-06571-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049925516","display_name":"Alberto Carlevaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7206-5511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146843","display_name":"Aitek (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/05fgmb597","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146843"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Carlevaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Funded Research Department, Aitek SpA, Via della Crocetta 15, 16122, Genoa, Italy","Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Corso Ferdinando Maria Perrone, 24, 16152, Genoa, Italy","Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Corso Ferdinando Maria Perrone, 24, 16152, Genoa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Funded Research Department, Aitek SpA, Via della Crocetta 15, 16122, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Corso Ferdinando Maria Perrone, 24, 16152, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Corso Ferdinando Maria Perrone, 24, 16152, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014219486","display_name":"Teodoro \u00c1lamo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0623-8146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teodoro Alamo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingenier\u00eca de Sistemas y Autom\u00e0tica, Universidad de Sevilla, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros, Camino de los Descubrimientos, 41092, Seville, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eca de Sistemas y Autom\u00e0tica, Universidad de Sevilla, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros, Camino de los Descubrimientos, 41092, Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078379817","display_name":"Fabrizio Dabbene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2258-8971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Dabbene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy","Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030029772","display_name":"Maurizio Mongelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6201-6225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurizio Mongelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Corso Ferdinando Maria Perrone, 24, 16152, Genoa, Italy","Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Corso Ferdinando Maria Perrone, 24, 16152, Genoa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Corso Ferdinando Maria Perrone, 24, 16152, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Corso Ferdinando Maria Perrone, 24, 16152, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049925516"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210146843"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.9311,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87359091,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"113","issue":"9","first_page":"6645","last_page":"6661"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7677551507949829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7009707689285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6750817894935608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6468038558959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6269208192825317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformal-map","display_name":"Conformal map","score":0.5731962323188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.5438997149467468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5304835438728333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4146747589111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.38677477836608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.32382702827453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2553335428237915}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7677551507949829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7009707689285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6750817894935608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6468038558959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6269208192825317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98214594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850275","display_name":"Conformal map","level":2,"score":0.5731962323188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.5438997149467468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5304835438728333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4146747589111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38677477836608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32382702827453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2553335428237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-024-06571-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06571-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-024-06571-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-024-06571-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06571-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-024-06571-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400448902.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W645876618","https://openalex.org/W1553101044","https://openalex.org/W1907846276","https://openalex.org/W2155213007","https://openalex.org/W2794214436","https://openalex.org/W2914782308","https://openalex.org/W2999905431","https://openalex.org/W3014596384","https://openalex.org/W3025031475","https://openalex.org/W3134774296","https://openalex.org/W3209109159","https://openalex.org/W4200452132","https://openalex.org/W4285124443","https://openalex.org/W4290717778","https://openalex.org/W4309264259","https://openalex.org/W4312778959","https://openalex.org/W4318243621","https://openalex.org/W4361012985","https://openalex.org/W6633078319","https://openalex.org/W6839295067"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389214306","https://openalex.org/W4235240664","https://openalex.org/W2965083567","https://openalex.org/W1971223889","https://openalex.org/W1838576100","https://openalex.org/W2095886385","https://openalex.org/W3013085049","https://openalex.org/W2889616422","https://openalex.org/W2089704382","https://openalex.org/W2015716952"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Conformal":[1],"predictions":[2,84],"make":[3],"it":[4,63],"possible":[5],"to":[6,27,54,64,134,170],"define":[7,33],"reliable":[8,35,177],"and":[9,68,82,94,176],"robust":[10,175],"learning":[11,36,70,179],"algorithms.":[12],"But":[13],"they":[14],"are":[15],"essentially":[16],"a":[17,34,87,91,96,140],"method":[18],"for":[19,38,131,162],"evaluating":[20],"whether":[21],"an":[22,158],"algorithm":[23],"is":[24,137],"good":[25],"enough":[26],"be":[28],"used":[29],"in":[30,110,160],"practice.":[31],"To":[32],"framework":[37,156],"classification":[39],"from":[40],"the":[41,47,56,77,102,111,116,122,126,151,171],"very":[42],"beginning":[43],"of":[44,49,58,90,99,124,154,173],"its":[45],"design,":[46],"concept":[48,57],"scalable":[50,80],"classifier":[51,60],"was":[52],"introduced":[53],"generalize":[55],"classical":[59],"by":[61,85,139],"linking":[62],"statistical":[65],"order":[66],"theory":[67],"probabilistic":[69],"theory.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73,135,155],"paper,":[74],"we":[75],"analyze":[76],"similarities":[78],"between":[79],"classifiers":[81],"conformal":[83,103],"introducing":[86],"new":[88],"definition":[89],"score":[92],"function":[93],"defining":[95],"special":[97],"set":[98,136],"input":[100,112],"variables,":[101],"safety":[104],"set,":[105],"which":[106],"can":[107],"identify":[108],"patterns":[109],"space":[113],"that":[114,121],"satisfy":[115],"error":[117,147],"coverage":[118],"guarantee,":[119],"i.e.,":[120],"probability":[123],"observing":[125],"wrong":[127],"(possibly":[128],"unsafe)":[129],"label":[130],"points":[132],"belonging":[133],"bounded":[138],"predefined":[141],"$$\\varepsilon$$":[142],"<mml:math":[143],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">":[144],"<mml:mi>\u03b5</mml:mi>":[145],"</mml:math>":[146],"level.":[148],"We":[149],"demonstrate":[150],"practical":[152],"implications":[153],"through":[157],"application":[159],"cybersecurity":[161],"identifying":[163],"DNS":[164],"tunneling":[165],"attacks.":[166],"Our":[167],"work":[168],"contributes":[169],"development":[172],"probabilistically":[174],"machine":[178],"models.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
