{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399802202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06548-5","title":"X-Detect: explainable adversarial patch detection for object detectors in retail","display_name":"X-Detect: explainable adversarial patch detection for object detectors in retail","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399802202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06548-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-024-06548-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06548-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-024-06548-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-024-06548-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092189525","display_name":"Omer Hofman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0136-9792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252096349","display_name":"Fujitsu (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}],"countries":["IL","JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Omer Hofman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","Fujitsu Limited, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujitsu Limited, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074215663","display_name":"Amit Giloni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6496-0148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252096349","display_name":"Fujitsu (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}],"countries":["IL","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Giloni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","Fujitsu Limited, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujitsu Limited, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092189526","display_name":"Yarin Hayun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yarin Hayun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075800271","display_name":"Ikuya Morikawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252096349","display_name":"Fujitsu (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikuya Morikawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujitsu Limited, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujitsu Limited, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105399225","display_name":"Toshiya Shimizu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252096349","display_name":"Fujitsu (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshiya Shimizu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujitsu Limited, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujitsu Limited, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072913672","display_name":"Yuval Elovici","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-128X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuval Elovici","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002391103","display_name":"Asaf Shabtai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0630-4059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asaf Shabtai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092189525"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911","https://openalex.org/I2252096349"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.6671,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85858621,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"113","issue":"9","first_page":"6273","last_page":"6292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9527999758720398,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8882162570953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7685307264328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6801862716674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6217241287231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6188467741012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6175962090492249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5040263533592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.48321235179901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4434514343738556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41368186473846436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.36535319685935974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.358789324760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34304121136665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3251410722732544}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8882162570953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7685307264328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6801862716674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6217241287231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6188467741012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6175962090492249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5040263533592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48321235179901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4434514343738556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41368186473846436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36535319685935974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.358789324760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34304121136665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3251410722732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-024-06548-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06548-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-024-06548-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-024-06548-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06548-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-024-06548-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323051","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399802202.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399802202.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2766455197","https://openalex.org/W2921056832","https://openalex.org/W2945526235","https://openalex.org/W2962750014","https://openalex.org/W2963726920","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964093967","https://openalex.org/W2970287838","https://openalex.org/W2983005688","https://openalex.org/W2989676862","https://openalex.org/W2998600476","https://openalex.org/W3011640627","https://openalex.org/W3035358681","https://openalex.org/W3048185155","https://openalex.org/W3114686421","https://openalex.org/W3118518413","https://openalex.org/W3135970545","https://openalex.org/W3173584512","https://openalex.org/W3176237058","https://openalex.org/W3200113267","https://openalex.org/W3204155906","https://openalex.org/W3206976809","https://openalex.org/W3212077589","https://openalex.org/W4226232092","https://openalex.org/W4245009893","https://openalex.org/W4319301003","https://openalex.org/W6766301176","https://openalex.org/W6790587931","https://openalex.org/W6907931172"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W4390721878"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Object":[1],"detection":[2],"models,":[3],"which":[4],"are":[5],"widely":[6],"used":[7],"in":[8,53,81,120,156,166,179],"various":[9],"domains":[10],"(such":[11],"as":[12],"retail),":[13],"have":[14,32],"been":[15],"shown":[16],"to":[17,20,59,70,108,114],"be":[18,115],"vulnerable":[19],"adversarial":[21,27,44,51,162,168,184],"attacks.":[22,38,86],"Existing":[23],"methods":[24,178],"for":[25,66,186,202],"detecting":[26,35],"attacks":[28,164],"on":[29],"object":[30,100],"detectors":[31,97],"had":[33],"difficulty":[34],"new":[36,85,89,142],"real-life":[37],"We":[39],"present":[40],"X-Detect,":[41],"a":[42,88,151,192],"novel":[43],"patch":[45,163],"detector":[46],"that":[47,98,173],"can:":[48],"(1)":[49],"detect":[50],"samples":[52],"real":[54],"time,":[55],"allowing":[56],"the":[57,67,72,82,122,136,176,203],"defender":[58],"take":[60],"preventive":[61],"action;":[62],"(2)":[63],"provide":[64],"explanations":[65,201],"alerts":[68,204],"raised":[69],"support":[71],"defender\u2019s":[73],"decision-making":[74],"process,":[75],"and":[76,104,124,135,140,159,183,198],"(3)":[77],"handle":[78],"unfamiliar":[79],"threats":[80],"form":[83],"of":[84,95],"Given":[87],"scene,":[90],"X-Detect":[91,117,174],"uses":[92],"an":[93,111],"ensemble":[94],"explainable-by-design":[96],"utilize":[99],"extraction,":[101],"scene":[102],"manipulation,":[103],"feature":[105],"transformation":[106],"techniques":[107],"determine":[109],"whether":[110],"alert":[112],"needs":[113],"raised.":[116,205],"was":[118,148],"evaluated":[119],"both":[121],"physical":[123,146],"digital":[125],"space":[126],"using":[127,150],"five":[128],"different":[129],"attack":[130,188],"scenarios":[131,189],"(including":[132],"adaptive":[133],"attacks)":[134],"benchmark":[137],"COCO":[138],"dataset":[139],"our":[141],"Superstore":[143],"dataset.":[144],"The":[145,170],"evaluation":[147],"performed":[149],"smart":[152],"shopping":[153],"cart":[154],"setup":[155],"real-world":[157],"settings":[158],"included":[160],"17":[161],"recorded":[165],"1700":[167],"videos.":[169],"results":[171],"showed":[172],"outperforms":[175],"state-of-the-art":[177],"distinguishing":[180],"between":[181],"benign":[182],"scenes":[185],"all":[187],"while":[190],"maintaining":[191],"0%":[193],"FPR":[194],"(no":[195],"false":[196],"alarms)":[197],"providing":[199],"actionable":[200],"A":[206],"demo":[207],"is":[208],"available.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}