{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203629218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-021-06051-1","title":"Non-technical losses detection in energy consumption focusing on energy recovery and explainability","display_name":"Non-technical losses detection in energy consumption focusing on energy recovery and explainability","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203629218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-021-06051-1","mag":"3203629218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-021-06051-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-021-06051-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-021-06051-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-021-06051-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064625974","display_name":"Bernat Coma-Puig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-797X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bernat Coma-Puig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-797X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052668419","display_name":"Josep Carmona","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9656-254X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josep Carmona","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064625974"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.2202,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7909292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"111","issue":"2","first_page":"487","last_page":"517"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7314882874488831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.6834611892700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6388236284255981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6165435910224915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5075942277908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.4648657441139221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.459381639957428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4444889426231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40589848160743713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3583269715309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15903407335281372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13417208194732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.13298171758651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07990407943725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.07965832948684692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.0681857168674469}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7314882874488831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.6834611892700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6388236284255981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6165435910224915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5075942277908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.4648657441139221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.459381639957428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4444889426231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40589848160743713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3583269715309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15903407335281372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13417208194732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.13298171758651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07990407943725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07965832948684692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0681857168674469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-021-06051-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-021-06051-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-021-06051-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/360826","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2117/360826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196262","display_name":"UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10994-021-06051-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-021-06051-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10994-021-06051-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328447","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3203629218.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3203629218.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139044672","https://openalex.org/W1448660139","https://openalex.org/W1562353621","https://openalex.org/W1593532658","https://openalex.org/W1965765523","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W1980835351","https://openalex.org/W1993704769","https://openalex.org/W2015688842","https://openalex.org/W2018673918","https://openalex.org/W2024704261","https://openalex.org/W2047822984","https://openalex.org/W2065713906","https://openalex.org/W2069870183","https://openalex.org/W2081423622","https://openalex.org/W2098750759","https://openalex.org/W2099306544","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2102828313","https://openalex.org/W2111027089","https://openalex.org/W2113362965","https://openalex.org/W2115584760","https://openalex.org/W2121352581","https://openalex.org/W2126387328","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2152510616","https://openalex.org/W2162112159","https://openalex.org/W2162651021","https://openalex.org/W2291620186","https://openalex.org/W2320464932","https://openalex.org/W2343530358","https://openalex.org/W2417333619","https://openalex.org/W2469098733","https://openalex.org/W2566832792","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2736287575","https://openalex.org/W2780079276","https://openalex.org/W2788544268","https://openalex.org/W2789012589","https://openalex.org/W2798476254","https://openalex.org/W2810025907","https://openalex.org/W2892741787","https://openalex.org/W2903571680","https://openalex.org/W2944749462","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2962681511","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W3011699744","https://openalex.org/W3041202186","https://openalex.org/W3088683830","https://openalex.org/W3094546485","https://openalex.org/W3094626345","https://openalex.org/W3106102496","https://openalex.org/W3128452405","https://openalex.org/W3196179336","https://openalex.org/W4248916828","https://openalex.org/W4300576158","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6677385034","https://openalex.org/W6722226382","https://openalex.org/W6756046586","https://openalex.org/W6790587931"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W2000169967","https://openalex.org/W2112883198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Non-technical":[1],"losses":[2],"(NTL)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,83,107],"problem":[6],"that":[7,38],"many":[8],"utility":[9,69],"companies":[10],"try":[11],"to":[12,90,110,121,136],"solve,":[13],"often":[14],"using":[15],"black-box":[16],"supervised":[17],"classification":[18,81],"algorithms.":[19],"In":[20,53],"general,":[21],"this":[22,54,100,146],"approach":[23,104,144],"achieves":[24],"good":[25,108],"results.":[26],"However,":[27],"in":[28,60,99,119,145],"practice,":[29],"NTL":[30,62,126],"detection":[31,63],"faces":[32],"technical,":[33],"economic,":[34],"and":[35,43,48,86,94,115,150],"transparency":[36,153],"challenges":[37],"cannot":[39],"be":[40,106,117],"easily":[41],"solved":[42],"which":[44],"compromise":[45],"the":[46,51,102,123,139,142,152],"quality":[47],"fairness":[49],"of":[50,141,154],"predictions.":[52],"work,":[55,101],"we":[56,74,97],"contextualise":[57],"these":[58,112],"problems":[59],"an":[61,67],"system":[64,85,156],"built":[65],"for":[66],"international":[68],"company.":[70],"We":[71],"explain":[72],"how":[73],"have":[75],"mitigated":[76],"them":[77],"by":[78],"moving":[79],"from":[80],"into":[82],"regression":[84,103,143],"introducing":[87],"explanatory":[88],"techniques":[89],"improve":[91,151],"its":[92],"accuracy":[93],"understanding.":[95],"As":[96],"show":[98],"can":[105,116],"option":[109],"mitigate":[111],"technical":[113],"problems,":[114],"adjusted":[118],"order":[120],"capture":[122],"most":[124],"striking":[125],"cases.":[127],"Moreover,":[128],"explainable":[129],"AI":[130],"(through":[131],"Shapley":[132],"Values)":[133],"allows":[134],"us":[135],"both":[137],"validate":[138],"correctness":[140],"context":[147],"beyond":[148],"benchmarking,":[149],"our":[155],"drastically.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-02T09:04:35.204637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
