{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384930689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-023-09758-9","title":"Improving Network Delay Predictions Using GNNs","display_name":"Improving Network Delay Predictions Using GNNs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384930689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-023-09758-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10922-023-09758-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-023-09758-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10922-023-09758-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67072002","display_name":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","issn_l":"1064-7570","issn":["1064-7570","1573-7705"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10922-023-09758-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048843796","display_name":"Miquel Farreras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3179-5451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251424209","display_name":"Universitat de Girona","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdxns91","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251424209"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miquel Farreras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, Girona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, Girona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251424209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028802750","display_name":"Paola Soto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5906-6424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paola Soto","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab, University of Antwerp, in collaboration with imec, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab, University of Antwerp, in collaboration with imec, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072792091","display_name":"Miguel Camelo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8152-7143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Camelo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab, University of Antwerp, in collaboration with imec, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab, University of Antwerp, in collaboration with imec, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076977109","display_name":"Llu\u0131\u0301s F\u00e0brega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7978-5108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251424209","display_name":"Universitat de Girona","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdxns91","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251424209"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Llu\u00eds F\u00e0brega","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, Girona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, Girona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251424209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049948932","display_name":"Pere Vil\u00e0","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0107-7918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251424209","display_name":"Universitat de Girona","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdxns91","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251424209"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pere Vil\u00e0","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, Girona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, Girona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251424209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048843796"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251424209"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"fwci":1.4687,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81672968,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8743270635604858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6648721098899841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.584031879901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5155620574951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-performance","display_name":"Network performance","score":0.5001370906829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-delay","display_name":"Network delay","score":0.4559623897075653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4357331693172455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-simulation","display_name":"Network simulation","score":0.4329257309436798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-management","display_name":"Network management","score":0.4292772710323334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35440385341644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3543713092803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3185909390449524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1951504647731781}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8743270635604858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6648721098899841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.584031879901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5155620574951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203274722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001161","display_name":"Network performance","level":2,"score":0.5001370906829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152623178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q436417","display_name":"Network delay","level":3,"score":0.4559623897075653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4357331693172455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139940560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290036","display_name":"Network simulation","level":2,"score":0.4329257309436798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129763632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454667","display_name":"Network management","level":2,"score":0.4292772710323334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35440385341644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3543713092803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3185909390449524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1951504647731781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10922-023-09758-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-023-09758-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10922-023-09758-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67072002","display_name":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","issn_l":"1064-7570","issn":["1064-7570","1573-7705"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10922-023-09758-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-023-09758-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10922-023-09758-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67072002","display_name":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","issn_l":"1064-7570","issn":["1064-7570","1573-7705"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2406092791","display_name":"Network intelligence for aDAptive and sElf-Learning MObile Networks","funder_award_id":"101017109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3117656104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-SGR-1552","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","funder_display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7677851455","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-SGR-1318","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","funder_display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7937576604","display_name":"Ctrl-APP: An application control plane enabling appdaptive configurations of wireless networks and their verification","funder_award_id":"G055619N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310750","display_name":"Universitat de Girona","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdxns91"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/01bg62x04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384930689.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1918087345","https://openalex.org/W2020634547","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2111388916","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2137137455","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2910790589","https://openalex.org/W2963549123","https://openalex.org/W2977973695","https://openalex.org/W3043957834","https://openalex.org/W3106379731","https://openalex.org/W3115726903","https://openalex.org/W3127614346","https://openalex.org/W3130503957","https://openalex.org/W3171271566","https://openalex.org/W3173225644","https://openalex.org/W3177008180","https://openalex.org/W3188216429","https://openalex.org/W3196320729","https://openalex.org/W3197092927","https://openalex.org/W3208051819","https://openalex.org/W3215886655","https://openalex.org/W4205247306","https://openalex.org/W4205699351","https://openalex.org/W4206028292","https://openalex.org/W4206164306","https://openalex.org/W4226047880","https://openalex.org/W4255635038","https://openalex.org/W4283211170","https://openalex.org/W4283455846","https://openalex.org/W4291138726","https://openalex.org/W4294535334","https://openalex.org/W4297818342","https://openalex.org/W4312895041","https://openalex.org/W4316660823","https://openalex.org/W4323519505","https://openalex.org/W6605146261","https://openalex.org/W6605533441"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131078791","https://openalex.org/W4385299232","https://openalex.org/W1999969440","https://openalex.org/W2189224333","https://openalex.org/W2358331601","https://openalex.org/W2475532212","https://openalex.org/W2076682498","https://openalex.org/W2348535456","https://openalex.org/W3161330518","https://openalex.org/W23885475"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Autonomous":[1],"network":[2,23,61,103,118,209],"management":[3],"is":[4,20,136,166,184,234],"crucial":[5],"for":[6,65,102],"Fifth":[7],"Generation":[8],"(5G)":[9],"and":[10,22,39,47,60,78,93,123,211],"Beyond":[11],"5G":[12],"(B5G)":[13],"networks,":[14,144],"where":[15,258],"a":[16,187,213,237,240,254],"constantly":[17],"changing":[18],"environment":[19],"expected":[21],"configuration":[24],"must":[25],"adapt":[26],"accordingly.":[27],"Modeling":[28],"tools":[29],"are":[30,53,63,100],"required":[31],"to":[32,106,109,142,230,239],"predict":[33],"the":[34,56,73,79,130,159,171,176,205,220,231,244,259],"impact":[35],"on":[36,163],"performance":[37],"(packet":[38],"delay":[40,207],"loss)":[41],"when":[42,48,133,146],"new":[43],"traffic":[44],"demands":[45],"arrives":[46],"changes":[49],"in":[50,55,148,208,223,267],"routing":[51],"paths":[52,155],"applied":[54],"network.":[57],"Mathematical":[58],"analysis":[59],"simulators":[62],"techniques":[64],"modeling":[66,104],"networks":[67,98,150,165],"but":[68],"both":[69],"have":[70],"limitations,":[71,88],"as":[72],"former":[74],"provides":[75],"low":[76,124],"accuracy":[77,122,160,222],"latter":[80],"requires":[81],"high":[82,121],"execution":[83],"times.":[84],"To":[85],"overcome":[86],"these":[87],"machine":[89],"learning":[90],"(ML)":[91],"algorithms,":[92],"more":[94],"specifically,":[95],"graph":[96],"neural":[97],"(GNNs),":[99],"proposed":[101],"due":[105],"their":[107,137],"ability":[108],"capture":[110],"complex":[111],"relationships":[112],"from":[113,186,236],"graph-like":[114],"data":[115],"while":[116],"predicting":[117],"properties":[119],"with":[120],"computational":[125],"requirements.":[126],"However,":[127],"one":[128],"of":[129,139,153,161,178,215],"main":[131],"issues":[132],"using":[134],"GNNs":[135],"lack":[138],"generalization":[140,173],"capability":[141],"larger":[143,164,224],"i.e.,":[145],"trained":[147],"small":[149],"(in":[151],"number":[152,214],"nodes,":[154],"length,":[156],"links":[157],"capacity),":[158],"predictions":[162],"poor.":[167],"This":[168],"paper":[169],"addresses":[170],"GNN":[172,189,261],"problem":[174],"by":[175,194,243],"use":[177,269],"fundamental":[179],"networking":[180],"concepts.":[181],"Our":[182],"solution":[183],"built":[185],"baseline":[188,232],"model":[190,233,262],"called":[191],"RouteNet":[192],"(developed":[193],"Barcelona":[195],"Neural":[196],"Networking":[197],"Center-Universitat":[198],"Polit\u00e8cnica":[199],"de":[200],"Catalunya":[201],"(BNN-UPC))":[202],"that":[203],"predicts":[204],"average":[206],"paths,":[210],"through":[212],"simple":[216],"additions":[217],"significantly":[218],"improves":[219],"prediction":[221],"networks.":[225],"The":[226],"improvement":[227],"ratio":[228],"compared":[229],"101,":[235],"187.28%":[238],"1.828%,":[241],"measured":[242],"Mean":[245],"Average":[246],"Percentage":[247],"Error":[248],"(MAPE).":[249],"In":[250],"addition,":[251],"we":[252],"propose":[253],"closed-loop":[255],"control":[256],"context":[257],"resulting":[260],"could":[263],"be":[264],"potentially":[265],"used":[266],"different":[268],"cases.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
