{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210854102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-021-09633-5","title":"Machine-Learning-Enabled DDoS Attacks Detection in P4 Programmable Networks","display_name":"Machine-Learning-Enabled DDoS Attacks Detection in P4 Programmable Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210854102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-021-09633-5","mag":"3210854102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10922-021-09633-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-021-09633-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10922-021-09633-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67072002","display_name":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","issn_l":"1064-7570","issn":["1064-7570","1573-7705"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10922-021-09633-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042021806","display_name":"Francesco Musumeci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3617-5916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Musumeci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3617-5916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018191623","display_name":"Ali Can Fidanci","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Can Fidanci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056608707","display_name":"Francesco Paolucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4821-5193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Paolucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT, Pisa, Italy","Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, Pisa, Italy","Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033393833","display_name":"Filippo Cugini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-0365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Cugini","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038468421","display_name":"Massimo Tornatore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0740-1061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Tornatore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042021806"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"fwci":9.7431,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":124,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98564158,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8810739517211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8499453067779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forwarding-plane","display_name":"Forwarding plane","score":0.7067212462425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-networking","display_name":"Software-defined networking","score":0.6085227131843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4956091642379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47109565138816833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4587789475917816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3734763264656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.18623724579811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.15295612812042236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8810739517211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8499453067779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10597312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473302","display_name":"Forwarding plane","level":3,"score":0.7067212462425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77270119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655198","display_name":"Software-defined networking","level":2,"score":0.6085227131843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4956091642379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47109565138816833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4587789475917816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3734763264656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.18623724579811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.15295612812042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10922-021-09633-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-021-09633-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10922-021-09633-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67072002","display_name":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","issn_l":"1064-7570","issn":["1064-7570","1573-7705"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1203129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1203129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10922-021-09633-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-021-09633-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10922-021-09633-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67072002","display_name":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","issn_l":"1064-7570","issn":["1064-7570","1573-7705"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1644742148","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"876967","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327207","funder_display_name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2527291731","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"876967","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4937468798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6315092050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7257200320","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"876967","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8435608526","display_name":"Big data pRocessing and Artificial Intelligence at the Network Edge","funder_award_id":"876967","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0166hxq48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324039","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327207","display_name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210854102.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210854102.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496514203","https://openalex.org/W1554944419","https://openalex.org/W1846878831","https://openalex.org/W1994926493","https://openalex.org/W2040340473","https://openalex.org/W2162830356","https://openalex.org/W2162969618","https://openalex.org/W2163375756","https://openalex.org/W2480819298","https://openalex.org/W2536964097","https://openalex.org/W2548015322","https://openalex.org/W2625013748","https://openalex.org/W2745034467","https://openalex.org/W2758823692","https://openalex.org/W2761635340","https://openalex.org/W2782928138","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2799843691","https://openalex.org/W2889592383","https://openalex.org/W2892092361","https://openalex.org/W2898182615","https://openalex.org/W2916651577","https://openalex.org/W2940715617","https://openalex.org/W2946156428","https://openalex.org/W2963320092","https://openalex.org/W2982456741","https://openalex.org/W2995496823","https://openalex.org/W2998008813","https://openalex.org/W2999113954","https://openalex.org/W3006144347","https://openalex.org/W3008207353","https://openalex.org/W3022034716","https://openalex.org/W3030499398","https://openalex.org/W3037997326","https://openalex.org/W3042433202","https://openalex.org/W3045721717","https://openalex.org/W3046737022","https://openalex.org/W3047861058","https://openalex.org/W3049415891","https://openalex.org/W3081430061","https://openalex.org/W3083616926","https://openalex.org/W3092201318","https://openalex.org/W3095075163","https://openalex.org/W3099834037","https://openalex.org/W3116152095","https://openalex.org/W3116910419","https://openalex.org/W3118774794","https://openalex.org/W3122859344","https://openalex.org/W3132833317","https://openalex.org/W3134111902","https://openalex.org/W3159238871"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2767068794","https://openalex.org/W4229489764","https://openalex.org/W3114854705","https://openalex.org/W2735897973","https://openalex.org/W4315705477","https://openalex.org/W4213341501","https://openalex.org/W1543555101","https://openalex.org/W3195575042","https://openalex.org/W2898113880","https://openalex.org/W2793567886"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0,225],"Distributed":[1],"Denial":[2],"of":[3,23,42,63,80,146,185,188],"Service":[4],"(DDoS)":[5],"attacks":[6,34,55,105],"represent":[7],"a":[8,134],"major":[9],"concern":[10],"in":[11,25,36,57,73,133,138,175,182,199],"modern":[12],"Software":[13],"Defined":[14],"Networking":[15],"(SDN),":[16],"as":[17],"SDN":[18,28,37,64,74,139],"controllers":[19],"are":[20,126,172,214],"sensitive":[21],"points":[22],"failures":[24],"the":[26,78,144,183,200,217],"whole":[27],"architecture.":[29],"Recently,":[30],"research":[31],"on":[32,40,99],"DDoS":[33,91],"detection":[35,125],"has":[38],"focused":[39],"investigation":[41],"how":[43],"to":[44,53,68,88,152],"leverage":[45],"data":[46,150,218],"plane":[47,219],"programmability,":[48],"enabled":[49],"by":[50,220],"P4":[51,222],"language,":[52],"detect":[54],"directly":[56],"network":[58,130],"switches,":[59],"with":[60],"marginal":[61],"involvement":[62],"controllers.":[65],"In":[66],"order":[67,184],"effectively":[69],"address":[70],"cybersecurity":[71],"management":[72],"architectures,":[75,112],"we":[76],"investigate":[77],"potential":[79],"Artificial":[81],"Intelligence":[82],"and":[83,115,123,148,170,178],"Machine":[84],"Learning":[85],"(ML)":[86],"algorithms":[87],"perform":[89],"automated":[90],"Attacks":[92],"Detection":[93],"(":[94],"DAD":[95,111,117,155,205],"),":[96],"specifically":[97],"focusing":[98],"Transmission":[100],"Control":[101],"Protocol":[102],"SYN":[103],"flood":[104],".":[106,156],"We":[107,142],"compare":[108],"two":[109],"different":[110],"called":[113],"Standalone":[114],"Correlated":[116],",":[118],"where":[119],"traffic":[120],"features":[121,213],"collection":[122],"attack":[124],"performed":[127],"locally":[128],"at":[129,216],"switches":[131],"or":[132],"single":[135],"entity":[136],"(e.g.,":[137],"controller),":[140],"respectively.":[141],"combine":[143],"capability":[145],"ML":[147,165],"P4-enabled":[149],"planes":[151],"implement":[153],"real-time":[154,204],"Illustrative":[157],"numerical":[158],"results":[159],"show":[160],"that,":[161],"for":[162],"all":[163],"tested":[164],"algorithms,":[166],"accuracy,":[167],"precision,":[168],"recall":[169],"F1-score":[171],"above":[173],"98%":[174],"most":[176],"cases,":[177],"classification":[179],"time":[180],"is":[181,210],"few":[186],"hundreds":[187],"$$\\upmu":[189],"\\text":[190],"{s}$$":[191],"<mml:math":[192],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">":[193],"<mml:mrow>":[194],"<mml:mi>\u03bc</mml:mi>":[195],"<mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext>":[196],"</mml:mrow>":[197],"</mml:math>":[198],"worst":[201],"case.":[202],"Considering":[203],"implementation,":[206],"significant":[207],"latency":[208],"reduction":[209],"obtained":[211],"when":[212],"extracted":[215],"using":[221],"language.":[223],"Graphic":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
