{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167630372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02435-9","title":"Automatic Sleep Staging Using Cardiorespiratory Signals: A Systematic Review of Methodologies and Performance","display_name":"Automatic Sleep Staging Using Cardiorespiratory Signals: A Systematic Review of Methodologies and Performance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167630372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02435-9","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42412255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-026-02435-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02435-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101874503","display_name":"Wanlin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3008-8413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400573310","display_name":"Hangzhou City University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wck0s05","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400573310"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanlin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China","School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400573310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140167839","display_name":"Xinhui He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhui He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140170492","display_name":"Jing Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140193866","display_name":"Shulin Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shulin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. chenshulin@zju.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. chenshulin@zju.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140179276","display_name":"Xiang Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. tianx@zju.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. tianx@zju.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5140179276","https://openalex.org/A5140193866"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":4390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4390},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80670391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.3260999917984009,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.3260999917984009,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.25,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10316","display_name":"Sleep and related disorders","score":0.16380000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiorespiratory-fitness","display_name":"Cardiorespiratory fitness","score":0.8438000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.6783999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.5719000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.4611999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-medicine","display_name":"Sleep medicine","score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.33959999680519104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117437137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5038720","display_name":"Cardiorespiratory fitness","level":2,"score":0.8438000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.6783999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.5719000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.4611999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188394188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744029","display_name":"Sleep medicine","level":4,"score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778329153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364801","display_name":"Sleep deprivation","level":3,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910364982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831","display_name":"Sleep Stages","level":4,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777935920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213600","display_name":"Sleep apnea","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1513209611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177190","display_name":"Sleep disorder","level":3,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780322006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7539768","display_name":"Sleep study","level":4,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-026-02435-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02435-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42412255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42412255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of medical systems","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.48360034823417664,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42357488","https://openalex.org/W2026834400","https://openalex.org/W2077247546","https://openalex.org/W2089152914","https://openalex.org/W2106364402","https://openalex.org/W2139562446","https://openalex.org/W2143159308","https://openalex.org/W2415140706","https://openalex.org/W2533500618","https://openalex.org/W2560384232","https://openalex.org/W2580893427","https://openalex.org/W2741153595","https://openalex.org/W2760212863","https://openalex.org/W2802947281","https://openalex.org/W2944504803","https://openalex.org/W2955564905","https://openalex.org/W2963542656","https://openalex.org/W2967746455","https://openalex.org/W2970428465","https://openalex.org/W3009665184","https://openalex.org/W3023470400","https://openalex.org/W3024742238","https://openalex.org/W3026720205","https://openalex.org/W3042780256","https://openalex.org/W3081689793","https://openalex.org/W3084356688","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3124849971","https://openalex.org/W3136339896","https://openalex.org/W3170297763","https://openalex.org/W3186496795","https://openalex.org/W3196130190","https://openalex.org/W4206839990","https://openalex.org/W4220988906","https://openalex.org/W4280498896","https://openalex.org/W4288049320","https://openalex.org/W4307286200","https://openalex.org/W4310457220","https://openalex.org/W4313992133","https://openalex.org/W4315641108","https://openalex.org/W4323027574","https://openalex.org/W4360584309","https://openalex.org/W4362564232","https://openalex.org/W4379355729","https://openalex.org/W4383197228","https://openalex.org/W4383466104","https://openalex.org/W4387244673","https://openalex.org/W4387742528","https://openalex.org/W4389542227","https://openalex.org/W4389966142","https://openalex.org/W4396231718","https://openalex.org/W4400159159","https://openalex.org/W4409725319"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-07-08T00:00:00"}