{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147395423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02372-7","title":"Performance of Large Language Models on Exam-style Questions and Case Challenges Across Varying Levels of Complexity","display_name":"Performance of Large Language Models on Exam-style Questions and Case Challenges Across Varying Levels of Complexity","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147395423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02372-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41917622"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-026-02372-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02372-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101864448","display_name":"Li Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6750-9077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121771","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbvhh96","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. radiumxu@xjtufh.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. radiumxu@xjtufh.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010443731","display_name":"Wenzhe Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121771","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbvhh96","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhe Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132716109","display_name":"Yuxin Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121771","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbvhh96","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108047889","display_name":"Y\u00ec W\u00e1ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5697-0717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114539943","display_name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04epb4p87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101864448"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8689769,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.7483999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.7483999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.04149999842047691,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.03970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.784500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.6017000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5385000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-metric","display_name":"Performance metric","score":0.35089999437332153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.784500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6189000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.6017000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5385000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780898871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance metric","level":2,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105054674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707381","display_name":"Mean difference","level":3,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-026-02372-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02372-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41917622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41917622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of medical systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7084962129592896,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7705482879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12505412","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2972483465","https://openalex.org/W3162922479","https://openalex.org/W4285536358","https://openalex.org/W4319662928","https://openalex.org/W4382246105","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4388525110","https://openalex.org/W4390719175","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4391640544","https://openalex.org/W4392359953","https://openalex.org/W4392691776","https://openalex.org/W4399667220","https://openalex.org/W4400055800","https://openalex.org/W4400408791","https://openalex.org/W4400865584","https://openalex.org/W4400937555","https://openalex.org/W4402540843","https://openalex.org/W4403603005","https://openalex.org/W4404783013","https://openalex.org/W4406152279","https://openalex.org/W4406658975","https://openalex.org/W4412490346","https://openalex.org/W4414281281","https://openalex.org/W4415310213"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}
