{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130515610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02343-y","title":"Comorbidity Classification from Clinical Free-Text using Large Language Models: Application to Sleep Disorder Patients","display_name":"Comorbidity Classification from Clinical Free-Text using Large Language Models: Application to Sleep Disorder Patients","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130515610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02343-y","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41712008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-026-02343-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02343-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-026-02343-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-026-02343-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026488763","display_name":"Yihan Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4091-9284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130692619","display_name":"Bern University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bnkt322","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihan Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Engineering and Computer Science, Institute Patient-centered Digital Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Quellgasse 21, Biel, 2502, Switzerland","Department of Informatics, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 6, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Engineering and Computer Science, Institute Patient-centered Digital Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Quellgasse 21, Biel, 2502, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 6, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130692619","https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020748054","display_name":"Fabio Dennst\u00e4dt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5374-8720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801112126","display_name":"University Hospital of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/01q9sj412","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Dennst\u00e4dt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital and University of Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 18, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital and University of Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 18, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124226551","display_name":"I. Filchenko","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801112126","display_name":"University Hospital of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/01q9sj412","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irina Filchenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004266775","display_name":"Julia van der Meer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1913-5146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801112126","display_name":"University Hospital of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/01q9sj412","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia van der Meer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100662824","display_name":"Xiaoli Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8891-5656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801112126","display_name":"University Hospital of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/01q9sj412","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland","Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Inselspital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 20, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Inselspital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 20, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060597199","display_name":"Markus H. Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3299-1318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801112126","display_name":"University Hospital of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/01q9sj412","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus H. Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121107660","display_name":"Claudio L. A. Bassetti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801112126","display_name":"University Hospital of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/01q9sj412","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio L. A. Bassetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124831425","display_name":"Athina Tzovara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130692619","display_name":"Bern University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bnkt322","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801112126","display_name":"University Hospital of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/01q9sj412","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athina Tzovara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 6, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland","Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 6, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130692619","https://openalex.org/I118564535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 16, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024787898","display_name":"Kerstin Denecke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6691-396X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130692619","display_name":"Bern University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bnkt322","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kerstin Denecke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Engineering and Computer Science, Institute Patient-centered Digital Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Quellgasse 21, Biel, 2502, Switzerland. kerstin.denecke@bfh.ch"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Engineering and Computer Science, Institute Patient-centered Digital Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Quellgasse 21, Biel, 2502, Switzerland. kerstin.denecke@bfh.ch","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024787898"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"apc_paid":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.362575,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"1","first_page":"23","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.79339998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.79339998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.021199999377131462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12246","display_name":"Chronic Disease Management Strategies","score":0.019600000232458115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comorbidity","display_name":"Comorbidity","score":0.817300021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.6401000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5282999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurology","display_name":"Neurology","score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.3698999881744385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.817300021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.6401000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5282999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16568411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83042","display_name":"Neurology","level":2,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40610000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191630685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4027615","display_name":"Informatics","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206179267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188952","display_name":"Medical history","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778996325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422201","display_name":"Actigraphy","level":3,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018243667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Psychiatric comorbidity","level":3,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-026-02343-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02343-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-026-02343-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41712008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41712008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of medical systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12920282","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12920282/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Med Syst","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-026-02343-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-026-02343-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-026-02343-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7519721984863281,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7130515610.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7130515610.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2093274439","https://openalex.org/W2139865360","https://openalex.org/W2160987310","https://openalex.org/W2163166459","https://openalex.org/W2789244308","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2937845937","https://openalex.org/W2966218717","https://openalex.org/W4205661472","https://openalex.org/W4294437656","https://openalex.org/W4296312630","https://openalex.org/W4296848513","https://openalex.org/W4313439128","https://openalex.org/W4323316076","https://openalex.org/W4394987261","https://openalex.org/W4399046530","https://openalex.org/W4399367209","https://openalex.org/W4400607675","https://openalex.org/W4408725839","https://openalex.org/W4409244882","https://openalex.org/W4409957148","https://openalex.org/W4410392432","https://openalex.org/W4411467944","https://openalex.org/W4411516394","https://openalex.org/W6910466824"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patients":[0],"presenting":[1],"to":[2,20,36],"neurology":[3],"clinics":[4],"commonly":[5],"have":[6,42],"a":[7,53,133],"complex":[8],"history":[9],"of":[10,66,101],"comorbidities":[11,131],"and":[12,71,79,93,116,141,148],"partially":[13],"documented":[14],"health":[15],"trajectories,":[16],"making":[17],"it":[18],"essential":[19],"reliably":[21],"extract":[22],"comorbidity":[23,60],"information":[24,117],"from":[25,33,62],"historical":[26],"records.":[27],"However,":[28],"existing":[29],"extraction":[30,61,118],"methods,":[31],"ranging":[32],"rule-based":[34],"systems":[35],"classical":[37],"machine":[38],"learning":[39],"(ML),":[40],"often":[41],"limited":[43],"accuracy,":[44],"scalability,":[45],"or":[46],"adaptability":[47],"across":[48,97],"diverse":[49],"documents.":[50],"We":[51],"present":[52],"large":[54],"language":[55],"model":[56,87],"(LLM)\u2013based":[57],"framework":[58],"for":[59,145],"diagnostic":[63],"texts,":[64],"capable":[65],"handling":[67],"various":[68],"prompt":[69],"formats":[70],"textual":[72],"sources":[73],"such":[74],"as":[75],"patient":[76],"history,":[77],"comorbidities,":[78,102],"sleep":[80,153],"assessments.":[81],"The":[82,127],"instruction":[83],"fine-tuned":[84],"Mistral-24B":[85],"(Instruct-2501)":[86],"achieves":[88],"95%":[89],"macro":[90],"classification":[91],"accuracy":[92],"92%":[94],"F1":[95],"score":[96],"six":[98],"common":[99],"classes":[100],"achieving":[103],"strong":[104],"performance":[105],"that":[106],"is":[107],"competitive":[108],"with":[109],"metrics":[110],"reported":[111],"in":[112,152],"prior":[113],"clinical":[114,124,139],"phenotyping":[115],"studies,":[119],"while":[120],"complementing":[121],"recent":[122],"transformer-based":[123],"NLP":[125],"frameworks.":[126],"proposed":[128],"method":[129],"extracts":[130],"through":[132],"transparent":[134],"hierarchical":[135],"approach,":[136],"thereby":[137],"supporting":[138],"analysis":[140],"providing":[142],"interpretable":[143],"insights":[144],"disease":[146],"modeling":[147],"personalized":[149],"treatment":[150],"planning":[151],"medicine.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2026-02-19T00:00:00"}
