{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416195647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02297-7","title":"RAG-Enhanced Open SLMs for Hypertension Management Chatbots","display_name":"RAG-Enhanced Open SLMs for Hypertension Management Chatbots","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416195647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02297-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41231304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-025-02297-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02297-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-025-02297-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-025-02297-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032829453","display_name":"Gianluca Aguzzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1553-4561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Aguzzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056358379","display_name":"Matteo Magnini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-420X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Magnini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120447031","display_name":"Aqila Farahmand","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190397597","display_name":"University of Urbino","ror":"https://ror.org/04q4kt073","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190397597"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aqila Farahmand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190397597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075197029","display_name":"Stefano Ferretti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1911-4708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Ferretti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058188020","display_name":"Martino F. Pengo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4657-9172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134201","display_name":"IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano","ror":"https://ror.org/033qpss18","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134201","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martino Francesco Pengo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milano, Milan, Italy","School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134201"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019839016","display_name":"Sara Montagna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5390-4319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190397597","display_name":"University of Urbino","ror":"https://ror.org/04q4kt073","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190397597"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Montagna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy. sara.montagna@uniurb.it","Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy. sara.montagna@uniurb.it","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190397597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190397597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032829453"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"apc_paid":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"fwci":9.0838,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97655929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"1","first_page":"159","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.770799994468689,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.770799994468689,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.06620000302791595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.057100001722574234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.8968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.6090999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ehealth","display_name":"eHealth","score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telemedicine","display_name":"Telemedicine","score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.42969998717308044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.8968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.6090999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202645933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4930","display_name":"eHealth","level":3,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779891985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46994","display_name":"Telemedicine","level":3,"score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4147000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171265473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5691117","display_name":"Health management system","level":3,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020144179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10871684","display_name":"Electronic health record","level":3,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910417920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116434","display_name":"Patient privacy","level":3,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26190000772476196}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098842","descriptor_name":"Generative Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098842","descriptor_name":"Generative Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098842","descriptor_name":"Generative Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017216","descriptor_name":"Telemedicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017216","descriptor_name":"Telemedicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017216","descriptor_name":"Telemedicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-025-02297-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02297-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-025-02297-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41231304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41231304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of medical systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11423833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12615560","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12615560/pdf/10916_2025_Article_2297.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1031280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1031280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.uniurb.it:11576/2766231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11576/2766231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196377","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research information system (University of Urbino)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190397597","host_organization_name":"University of Urbino","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190397597"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-025-02297-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02297-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-025-02297-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326524","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo","ror":"https://ror.org/04q4kt073"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416195647.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416195647.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3092887305","https://openalex.org/W4252076394","https://openalex.org/W4367186868","https://openalex.org/W4367310920","https://openalex.org/W4387500346","https://openalex.org/W4389519254","https://openalex.org/W4393119065","https://openalex.org/W4393180839","https://openalex.org/W4395050972","https://openalex.org/W4403583423","https://openalex.org/W4403768737","https://openalex.org/W4406121295","https://openalex.org/W4407135263","https://openalex.org/W4408237661","https://openalex.org/W4408613215","https://openalex.org/W4409190866","https://openalex.org/W4409351910","https://openalex.org/W4410028173","https://openalex.org/W7081921694"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chronic":[0],"disease":[1],"management":[2],"requires":[3],"continuous":[4,39],"monitoring,":[5],"lifestyle":[6],"modification":[7],"and":[8,36,64,96,138,155,164,184,197],"therapy":[9],"adherence,":[10],"thus":[11],"requiring":[12],"constant":[13],"support":[14],"from":[15],"healthcare":[16],"professionals.":[17],"Chatbots":[18],"have":[19],"proven":[20],"to":[21,45,105,112,168],"be":[22],"a":[23,76,122,217],"promising":[24],"approach":[25],"for":[26,37,56,78,90,97,144,223],"engaging":[27],"patients":[28,80],"in":[29,100,161,220],"managing":[30],"their":[31],"health":[32],"condition":[33],"at":[34],"home":[35],"offering":[38],"assistance":[40,99],"by":[41,74,130],"being":[42],"readily":[43],"available":[44],"answer":[46],"questions.":[47],"While":[48],"large":[49],"language":[50,85,114],"models":[51,86,132],"offer":[52],"an":[53],"impressive":[54],"solution":[55,178],"chatbot":[57,77],"implementation,":[58],"third-party":[59],"systems":[60],"raise":[61],"privacy":[62,129],"concerns,":[63],"computational":[65,141],"requirements":[66],"limit":[67],"small-scale":[68],"deployment.":[69],"We":[70,147],"address":[71],"these":[72],"challenges":[73],"developing":[75],"hypertensive":[79],"based":[81],"on":[82,92,180],"open-source":[83],"small":[84],"(SLMs),":[87],"specifically":[88],"designed":[89],"running":[91],"personal":[93],"resource-constrained":[94],"devices":[95],"providing":[98],"QA":[101],"tasks.":[102],"In":[103],"order":[104],"guarantee":[106],"comparable":[107],"conversational":[108],"performances":[109],"with":[110,121,149,227],"respect":[111],"larger":[113],"models,":[115],"we":[116],"exploited":[117],"retrieval-augmented":[118],"generation":[119],"(RAG)":[120],"local":[123],"knowledge":[124],"base.":[125],"This":[126],"ensures":[127],"data":[128],"deploying":[131],"locally":[133],"while":[134],"achieving":[135],"competitive":[136],"accuracy":[137],"maintaining":[139],"low":[140],"costs":[142],"suitable":[143],"end-user":[145],"devices.":[146],"experimented":[148],"eight":[150],"SLMs,":[151],"two":[152],"prompt":[153],"configurations,":[154],"different":[156],"RAG":[157],"strategies":[158],"-":[159,167],"both":[160,181],"the":[162,170,221],"embedding":[163],"retrieval":[165,225],"components":[166],"identify":[169],"most":[171],"effective":[172],"solution.":[173],"The":[174],"evaluation":[175],"of":[176],"our":[177,201],"grounds":[179],"reference":[182],"metrics":[183],"expert":[185],"evaluation.":[186],"Our":[187],"findings":[188],"suggest":[189],"that":[190,205],"RAG-enhanced":[191],"SLMs":[192,207],"can":[193],"improve":[194],"response":[195],"clarity":[196],"content":[198],"accuracy.":[199],"However,":[200],"results":[202],"also":[203],"indicate":[204],"newer":[206],"like":[208],"Qwen3":[209],"demonstrate":[210],"strong":[211],"performance":[212],"even":[213],"without":[214],"RAG,":[215],"suggesting":[216],"potential":[218],"shift":[219],"necessity":[222],"complex":[224],"mechanisms":[226],"rapidly":[228],"evolving":[229],"model":[230],"architectures.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-11-13T00:00:00"}
