{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416095438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02289-7","title":"Estimating LVEF from ECG with GPT-4o Fine-Tuned Vision: A Novel Approach in AI-Driven Cardiac Diagnostics","display_name":"Estimating LVEF from ECG with GPT-4o Fine-Tuned Vision: A Novel Approach in AI-Driven Cardiac Diagnostics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416095438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02289-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41212334"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-025-02289-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02289-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-025-02289-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-025-02289-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064871432","display_name":"Haya Engelstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6721-5158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799810450","display_name":"Sheba Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/020rzx487","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799810450"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haya Engelstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799810450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011039541","display_name":"Roni Ramon\u2010Gonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2529-1567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roni Ramon-Gonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. roni.ramon-gonen@biu.ac.il","The School of Business Administration, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. roni.ramon-gonen@biu.ac.il","The School of Business Administration, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. roni.ramon-gonen@biu.ac.il","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Business Administration, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. roni.ramon-gonen@biu.ac.il","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Business Administration, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083223444","display_name":"Israel M. Barbash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7416-5989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799810450","display_name":"Sheba Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/020rzx487","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799810450"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Israel Barbash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel","Interventional Cardiology Unit, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interventional Cardiology Unit, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799810450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Roy Beinart","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799810450","display_name":"Sheba Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/020rzx487","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799810450"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roy Beinart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Davidai Arrhythmia Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel","Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Davidai Arrhythmia Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799810450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035999619","display_name":"Michal Cohen\u2010Shelly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4817-8644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799810450","display_name":"Sheba Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/020rzx487","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799810450"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michal Cohen-Shelly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sheba ARC, Sagol Big data & AI Hub, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sheba ARC, Sagol Big data & AI Hub, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799810450"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031035478","display_name":"Avi Sabbag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4295-6679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799810450","display_name":"Sheba Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/020rzx487","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799810450"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avi Sabbag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Davidai Arrhythmia Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel","Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Davidai Arrhythmia Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799810450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011039541"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"apc_paid":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"fwci":2.0377,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89512549,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"1","first_page":"157","last_page":"157"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.8592000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.8592000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10217","display_name":"Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias","score":0.036400001496076584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10065","display_name":"Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ejection-fraction","display_name":"Ejection fraction","score":0.7016000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fraction","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrocardiography","display_name":"Electrocardiography","score":0.3522000014781952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78085059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641303","display_name":"Ejection fraction","level":3,"score":0.7016000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.5047000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.45809999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780040984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79785","display_name":"Electrocardiography","level":2,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776127602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5038319","display_name":"Cardiac imaging","level":2,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013318","descriptor_name":"Stroke Volume","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013318","descriptor_name":"Stroke Volume","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018487","descriptor_name":"Ventricular Dysfunction, Left","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018487","descriptor_name":"Ventricular Dysfunction, Left","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-025-02289-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02289-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-025-02289-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41212334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41212334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of medical systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11411080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12602629","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12602629/pdf/10916_2025_Article_2289.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-025-02289-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02289-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-025-02289-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321449","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416095438.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416095438.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W1996697585","https://openalex.org/W2067179276","https://openalex.org/W2084413241","https://openalex.org/W2141629047","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2219229044","https://openalex.org/W2523229125","https://openalex.org/W2592769823","https://openalex.org/W2901226889","https://openalex.org/W2946751363","https://openalex.org/W2999216526","https://openalex.org/W3031419728","https://openalex.org/W3045055338","https://openalex.org/W3109676774","https://openalex.org/W3159922281","https://openalex.org/W3188409561","https://openalex.org/W3215404519","https://openalex.org/W4213157439","https://openalex.org/W4221130039","https://openalex.org/W4284672748","https://openalex.org/W4304890244","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4311823578","https://openalex.org/W4312067536","https://openalex.org/W4321372215","https://openalex.org/W4361267627","https://openalex.org/W4378348110","https://openalex.org/W4388768480","https://openalex.org/W4388796972","https://openalex.org/W4389125444","https://openalex.org/W4392702964","https://openalex.org/W4399055791","https://openalex.org/W4403808636","https://openalex.org/W4405095295"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Assessing":[1],"Left":[2],"Ventricular":[3],"Ejection":[4],"Fraction":[5],"(LVEF)":[6],"is":[7],"crucial":[8],"for":[9,34,41,64,211],"diagnosing":[10],"reduced":[11],"systolic":[12],"function,":[13],"yet":[14],"echocardiography":[15],"(ECHO)":[16],"may":[17],"not":[18],"always":[19],"be":[20],"readily":[21],"available,":[22],"potentially":[23],"delaying":[24],"treatment.":[25],"Electrocardiography":[26],"(ECG)":[27],"offers":[28],"a":[29,60,76,101,132,149,169],"cost-effective":[30],"and":[31,47,82,108,141,152,168,243],"accessible":[32,209],"alternative":[33],"estimating":[35],"LVEF.":[36],"However,":[37],"specialized":[38],"AI":[39,62],"models":[40,220],"this":[42],"purpose":[43],"are":[44],"often":[45],"complex":[46],"costly":[48],"to":[49,148,247],"develop.":[50],"OBJECTIVE:":[51],"This":[52],"study":[53],"uniquely":[54],"evaluates":[55],"GPT-4o":[56],"Fine-Tuned":[57],"Vision":[58],"(GPT-4o-FTV),":[59],"general-purpose":[61],"model,":[63],"detecting":[65],"LVEF":[66,113,252],"\u2264":[67,114],"35%":[68,115],"from":[69,89],"ECG":[70],"images,":[71],"comparing":[72],"its":[73,231,245],"performance":[74,191],"with":[75,106],"Convolutional":[77],"Neural":[78],"Network":[79],"(CNN)":[80],"model":[81,151,187],"clinician":[83],"assessments.":[84],"METHODS:":[85],"We":[86],"analyzed":[87],"ECGs":[88],"202":[90],"patients":[91],"(42.6%":[92],"women,":[93],"mean":[94],"age":[95],"64.5":[96],"\u00b1":[97],"16.3":[98],"years)":[99],"at":[100],"tertiary":[102],"center,":[103],"excluding":[104],"those":[105],"pacemakers":[107],"including":[109],"only":[110],"high-quality":[111],"ECGs.":[112],"was":[116,129],"present":[117],"in":[118,215,223],"11.9%":[119],"(n":[120],"=":[121],"24).":[122],"GPT-4o-FTV,":[123],"trained":[124],"on":[125,238],"20":[126],"labeled":[127],"ECGs,":[128],"tested":[130],"using":[131],"structured":[133],"prompt":[134],"across":[135],"four":[136,153],"runs.":[137],"Accuracy,":[138],"sensitivity,":[139,161,178,195],"specificity,":[140,163,180,197],"positive":[142],"predictive":[143],"value":[144],"(PPV)":[145],"were":[146],"compared":[147],"CNN":[150,186,219],"clinicians.":[154],"RESULTS:":[155],"GPT-4o-FTV":[156,203,229],"achieved":[157],"79.9%":[158],"accuracy,":[159,176,193,224],"72.9%":[160],"80.8%":[162],"an":[164,208],"F1-score":[165],"of":[166,171,227,251],"46.4%,":[167],"PPV":[170,183,200],"34%,":[172],"outperforming":[173],"clinicians":[174],"(74.9%":[175],"65.6%":[177],"76.1%":[179],"39%":[181],"F1-score,":[182,199],"27.9%).":[184],"The":[185],"had":[188],"the":[189,225],"highest":[190],"(89.1%":[192],"79.2%":[194],"90.4%":[196],"63.3%":[198],"52.8%).":[201],"CONCLUSIONS:":[202],"demonstrates":[204],"strong":[205],"potential":[206],"as":[207],"tool":[210],"cardiac":[212],"diagnostics,":[213],"particularly":[214],"resource-limited":[216],"settings.":[217],"While":[218],"remain":[221],"superior":[222],"ease":[226],"fine-tuning":[228],"highlights":[230],"practical":[232],"utility.":[233],"Future":[234],"research":[235],"should":[236],"focus":[237],"larger":[239],"datasets,":[240],"additional":[241],"optimization,":[242],"exploring":[244],"ability":[246],"detect":[248],"early":[249],"predictors":[250],"decline.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00"}