{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409147671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02178-z","title":"AI Chatbots as Sources of STD Information: A Study on Reliability and Readability","display_name":"AI Chatbots as Sources of STD Information: A Study on Reliability and Readability","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409147671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02178-z","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40178771"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-025-02178-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02178-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-025-02178-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-025-02178-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001713943","display_name":"H\u00fcseyin Alperen Y\u0131ld\u0131z","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7423-4585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76973811","display_name":"Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x1kqx83","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76973811"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H\u00fcseyin Alperen Y\u0131ld\u0131z","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, T\u00fcrkiye. h.alperenyildiz@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7423-4585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, T\u00fcrkiye. h.alperenyildiz@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76973811"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067312944","display_name":"Emrullah S\u00f6\u011f\u00fctdelen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-5672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76973811","display_name":"Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x1kqx83","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76973811"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emrullah S\u00f6\u011f\u00fctdelen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-5672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76973811"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001713943"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76973811"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"apc_paid":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"fwci":8.2908,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97587589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"1","first_page":"43","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.6383000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.6383000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.13519999384880066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10737","display_name":"Health Literacy and Information Accessibility","score":0.07959999889135361,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.9737483263015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perplexity","display_name":"Perplexity","score":0.7475094199180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.7315821647644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5590533018112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.4299774169921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3691052198410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.26970356702804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25288015604019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.20007982850074768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.08856484293937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.9737483263015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100279451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372193","display_name":"Perplexity","level":3,"score":0.7475094199180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.7315821647644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5590533018112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.4299774169921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3691052198410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.26970356702804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25288015604019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.20007982850074768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.08856484293937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098842","descriptor_name":"Generative Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098842","descriptor_name":"Generative Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098842","descriptor_name":"Generative Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098842","descriptor_name":"Generative Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098842","descriptor_name":"Generative Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012749","descriptor_name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012749","descriptor_name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012749","descriptor_name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012749","descriptor_name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012749","descriptor_name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057220","descriptor_name":"Health Literacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057220","descriptor_name":"Health Literacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057220","descriptor_name":"Health Literacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057220","descriptor_name":"Health Literacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057220","descriptor_name":"Health Literacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-025-02178-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02178-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-025-02178-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40178771","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40178771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of medical systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11968469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11968469","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11968469/pdf/10916_2025_Article_2178.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Med Syst","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-025-02178-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-025-02178-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10916-025-02178-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321395","display_name":"Abant Izzet Baysal \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/01x1kqx83"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409147671.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409147671.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133394232","https://openalex.org/W1768231840","https://openalex.org/W2022157578","https://openalex.org/W2048587526","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2053477116","https://openalex.org/W2059611964","https://openalex.org/W2066900775","https://openalex.org/W2070204206","https://openalex.org/W2078457635","https://openalex.org/W2123109647","https://openalex.org/W2327795576","https://openalex.org/W2907019052","https://openalex.org/W2908891718","https://openalex.org/W2910155579","https://openalex.org/W2915053252","https://openalex.org/W2947051005","https://openalex.org/W2997474044","https://openalex.org/W3164667171","https://openalex.org/W4292361644","https://openalex.org/W4361011352","https://openalex.org/W4367692415","https://openalex.org/W4378780663","https://openalex.org/W4384564606","https://openalex.org/W4385723558","https://openalex.org/W4386191831","https://openalex.org/W4386819328","https://openalex.org/W4386860011","https://openalex.org/W4387146212","https://openalex.org/W4393866602","https://openalex.org/W4394990045","https://openalex.org/W4399276821","https://openalex.org/W4399985805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2376415519","https://openalex.org/W1601381279","https://openalex.org/W4294769427","https://openalex.org/W4225667838","https://openalex.org/W1895908943","https://openalex.org/W4281893144","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W2374747083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"chatbots":[4,43,141,180,192,200,234],"are":[5],"increasingly":[6],"used":[7],"for":[8,77,207,212,245],"medical":[9],"inquiries,":[10],"including":[11,113],"sensitive":[12],"topics":[13],"like":[14],"sexually":[15],"transmitted":[16],"diseases":[17],"(STDs).":[18],"However,":[19,185],"concerns":[20],"remain":[21],"regarding":[22],"the":[23,28,37,56,68,74,106,129,134,160,191,194,199,208,233,236,243,250],"reliability":[24,38,57,104,148,158,226],"and":[25,39,65,92,101,117,133,149,164,169,173,222,252],"readability":[26,40,69,196,238],"of":[27,41,58,70,105,140,147,190,232,254],"information":[29,46,60,72,202],"they":[30],"provide.":[31],"This":[32],"study":[33],"aimed":[34],"to":[35,53],"assess":[36],"AI":[42,63,96,161],"in":[44,145,157,171,227,248],"providing":[45,228],"on":[47],"STDs.":[48],"The":[49,103,138,152],"key":[50],"objectives":[51],"were":[52,87],"determine":[54],"(1)":[55],"STD-related":[59,84,229],"provided":[61,181],"by":[62,264],"chatbots,":[64],"(2)":[66],"whether":[67],"this":[71],"meets":[73],"recommended":[75,237],"standarts":[76],"patient":[78],"education":[79],"materials.":[80],"METHODS:":[81],"Eleven":[82],"relevant":[83],"search":[85],"queries":[86],"identified":[88],"using":[89,110,122],"Google":[90],"Trends":[91],"entered":[93],"into":[94],"four":[95],"chatbots:":[97],"ChatGPT,":[98],"Gemini,":[99],"Perplexity,":[100],"Copilot.":[102],"responses":[107],"was":[108,120,142,204],"evaluated":[109],"established":[111],"tools,":[112],"DISCERN,":[114],"EQIP,":[115],"JAMA,":[116],"GQS.":[118],"Readability":[119],"assessed":[121],"six":[123],"widely":[124],"recognized":[125],"metrics,":[126],"such":[127],"as":[128],"Flesch-Kincaid":[130],"Grade":[131],"Level":[132],"Gunning":[135],"Fog":[136],"Index.":[137],"performance":[139],"statistically":[143],"compared":[144],"terms":[146],"readability.":[150],"RESULTS:":[151],"analysis":[153],"revealed":[154],"significant":[155],"differences":[156],"across":[159],"chatbots.":[162],"Perplexity":[163,221],"Copilot":[165,223],"consistently":[166],"outperformed":[167],"ChatGPT":[168],"Gemini":[170],"DISCERN":[172],"EQIP":[174],"scores,":[175],"suggesting":[176],"that":[177,188,203],"these":[178],"two":[179],"more":[182],"reliable":[183],"information.":[184],"results":[186],"showed":[187,224],"none":[189,231],"achieved":[193],"6th-grade":[195],"standard.":[197],"All":[198],"generated":[201],"too":[205],"complex":[206],"general":[209],"public,":[210],"especially":[211],"individuals":[213],"with":[214],"lower":[215],"health":[216,256],"literacy":[217],"levels.":[218],"CONCLUSION:":[219],"While":[220],"better":[225],"information,":[230,257],"met":[235],"benchmarks.":[239],"These":[240],"findings":[241],"highlight":[242],"need":[244],"future":[246],"improvements":[247],"both":[249],"accuracy":[251],"accessibility":[253],"AI-generated":[255],"ensuring":[258],"it":[259],"can":[260],"be":[261],"easily":[262],"understood":[263],"a":[265],"broader":[266],"audience.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}