{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2097954762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-011-9802-2","title":"Automated Detection of Dark and Bright Lesions in Retinal Images for Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy","display_name":"Automated Detection of Dark and Bright Lesions in Retinal Images for Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2097954762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-011-9802-2","mag":"2097954762","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22090037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-011-9802-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-011-9802-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101667495","display_name":"Usman Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2871-6679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155929","display_name":"National University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj88f69","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman M. Akram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. usmakram@gmail.com","Department of Computer Engineering, College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. usmakram@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050441398","display_name":"Shoab Ahmed Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0265-8204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155929","display_name":"National University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj88f69","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoab A. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4390},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5645,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94370297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"5","first_page":"3151","last_page":"3162"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7016348242759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6497396230697632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.6349633932113647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5824330449104309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5602944493293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blindness","display_name":"Blindness","score":0.5226361751556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cotton-wool-spots","display_name":"Cotton wool spots","score":0.4950641691684723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.4797683656215668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.46409836411476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37717297673225403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.336117148399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.2867199182510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.208143413066864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.11317309737205505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7016348242759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6497396230697632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.6349633932113647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5824330449104309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5602944493293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780929884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Blindness","level":2,"score":0.5226361751556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776689232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5175762","display_name":"Cotton wool spots","level":4,"score":0.4950641691684723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.4797683656215668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.46409836411476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37717297673225403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.336117148399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.2867199182510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.208143413066864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.11317309737205505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005122","descriptor_name":"Exudates and Transudates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005122","descriptor_name":"Exudates and Transudates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005122","descriptor_name":"Exudates and Transudates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009898","descriptor_name":"Optic Disk","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009898","descriptor_name":"Optic Disk","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009898","descriptor_name":"Optic Disk","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012160","descriptor_name":"Retina","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012160","descriptor_name":"Retina","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012160","descriptor_name":"Retina","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D042241","descriptor_name":"Early Diagnosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D042241","descriptor_name":"Early Diagnosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D042241","descriptor_name":"Early Diagnosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10916-011-9802-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-011-9802-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37151855","display_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","issn_l":"0148-5598","issn":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22090037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22090037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of medical systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1091878006","https://openalex.org/W1841361427","https://openalex.org/W1964042918","https://openalex.org/W2018929413","https://openalex.org/W2024978699","https://openalex.org/W2050456578","https://openalex.org/W2056590391","https://openalex.org/W2058399510","https://openalex.org/W2108764134","https://openalex.org/W2113119033","https://openalex.org/W2115278098","https://openalex.org/W2115680416","https://openalex.org/W2119108994","https://openalex.org/W2120389036","https://openalex.org/W2121142242","https://openalex.org/W2121233747","https://openalex.org/W2122644916","https://openalex.org/W2123303981","https://openalex.org/W2128089874","https://openalex.org/W2150769593","https://openalex.org/W2154934742","https://openalex.org/W2156907755","https://openalex.org/W2162698990","https://openalex.org/W2163344010","https://openalex.org/W2166524747","https://openalex.org/W2168305008","https://openalex.org/W2169164902","https://openalex.org/W2169242575","https://openalex.org/W2169736040","https://openalex.org/W2170092083","https://openalex.org/W4231627457","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237698013","https://openalex.org/W4249730947","https://openalex.org/W2016094936","https://openalex.org/W2401657978","https://openalex.org/W4220767796","https://openalex.org/W2042797887","https://openalex.org/W3046286921","https://openalex.org/W4388065772","https://openalex.org/W2184730658","https://openalex.org/W2005103005"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
