{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327859774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-023-01832-3","title":"Real-Time Visual Recognition of Ramp Hand Signals for UAS Ground Operations","display_name":"Real-Time Visual Recognition of Ramp Hand Signals for UAS Ground Operations","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327859774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-023-01832-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10846-023-01832-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-023-01832-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10846-023-01832-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91329792","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","issn_l":"0921-0296","issn":["0921-0296","1573-0409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10846-023-01832-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038856959","display_name":"M.\u00c1. Frutos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5730-3817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125392","display_name":"Centre for Automation and Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/02wh02235","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210125392","https://openalex.org/I88060688"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miguel \u00c1ngel de Frutos Carro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Autom\u00e1tica y Rob\u00f3tica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 28006, Madrid, Spain","Centro de Autom\u00e1tica y Rob\u00f3tica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Autom\u00e1tica y Rob\u00f3tica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 28006, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125392","https://openalex.org/I88060688"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Autom\u00e1tica y Rob\u00f3tica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125392","https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064132849","display_name":"Fernando Carlos L\u00f3pezHern\u00e1ndez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Carlos L\u00f3pezHern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applied Mathematics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040, Madrid, Spain","Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applied Mathematics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applied Mathematics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applied Mathematics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012381155","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Javier Rainer Granados","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-233X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116615","display_name":"Universidad Internacional De La Rioja","ror":"https://ror.org/029gnnp81","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116615"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Javier Rainer Granados","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), 26006, Logro\u00f1o, Spain","Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Logro\u00f1o, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), 26006, Logro\u00f1o, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116615"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Logro\u00f1o, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116615"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038856959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125392","https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.3822,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60673624,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"107","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7113494277000427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7031186819076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6887366771697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6327002048492432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.5173865556716919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5010263919830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.48243817687034607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.4636949300765991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4463898539543152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identifier","display_name":"Identifier","score":0.42939525842666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4286971986293793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4108811616897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3591369390487671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.33217287063598633}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7113494277000427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7031186819076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6887366771697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6327002048492432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5173865556716919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5010263919830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.48243817687034607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.4636949300765991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4463898539543152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154504017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853614","display_name":"Identifier","level":2,"score":0.42939525842666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4286971986293793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4108811616897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3591369390487671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.33217287063598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10846-023-01832-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-023-01832-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10846-023-01832-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91329792","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","issn_l":"0921-0296","issn":["0921-0296","1573-0409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/334240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/334240","pdf_url":"https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/334240/1/Real%e2%80%91Time%20Visual%20Recognition%20of%c2%a0Ramp%20Hand%20Signals%20for%c2%a0UAS%20Ground%20Operations.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400616","display_name":"DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134820265","host_organization_name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"art\u00edculo"},{"id":"pmh:oai:reunir.unir.net:123456789/15400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://reunir.unir.net/handle/123456789/15400","pdf_url":"https://reunir.unir.net/bitstream/123456789/15400/1/Real%e2%80%91Time_Visual_Recognition_of_Ramp_Hand_Signals_for_UAS_Ground_Operations.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400329","display_name":"Re-Unir (International University of La Rioja)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articulo Revista Indexada"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10846-023-01832-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-023-01832-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10846-023-01832-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91329792","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","issn_l":"0921-0296","issn":["0921-0296","1573-0409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4327859774.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W289180691","https://openalex.org/W1541042054","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1981167598","https://openalex.org/W2075518476","https://openalex.org/W2077401541","https://openalex.org/W2118371284","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2167876098","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2316889938","https://openalex.org/W2400813686","https://openalex.org/W2471695703","https://openalex.org/W2508429489","https://openalex.org/W2559085405","https://openalex.org/W2769356789","https://openalex.org/W2770804203","https://openalex.org/W2889553287","https://openalex.org/W2912432247","https://openalex.org/W2914148876","https://openalex.org/W2962730651","https://openalex.org/W2962934715","https://openalex.org/W2963781481","https://openalex.org/W2963995996","https://openalex.org/W2964304707","https://openalex.org/W2981311757","https://openalex.org/W2997297078","https://openalex.org/W3200855447","https://openalex.org/W4205330297","https://openalex.org/W4206812251","https://openalex.org/W4255299105","https://openalex.org/W4281617622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076543106","https://openalex.org/W2019891950","https://openalex.org/W2085842814","https://openalex.org/W2523437662","https://openalex.org/W4387048144","https://openalex.org/W2492135063","https://openalex.org/W2362514456","https://openalex.org/W2766585573","https://openalex.org/W4387490624","https://openalex.org/W4286643620"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1],"describe":[2],"the":[3,13,29,46,113,123,134,148,152,161,164,189,198,201,206,216],"design":[4],"and":[5,34,66,94,131,150,211,219],"validation":[6],"of":[7,16,31,43,48,154,163,200,208,221],"a":[8,75,82,95,106,141],"vision-based":[9],"system":[10,52],"that":[11,111],"allows":[12],"dynamic":[14],"identification":[15,176,218],"ramp":[17,25,222],"signals":[18,224],"performed":[19,225],"by":[20,38,81,226],"airport":[21,227],"ground":[22],"staff.":[23],"This":[24,51],"signals\u2019":[26],"recognizer":[27],"increases":[28,160],"autonomy":[30],"unmanned":[32],"vehicles":[33],"prevents":[35],"errors":[36],"caused":[37],"visual":[39],"misinterpretations":[40],"or":[41],"lack":[42],"attention":[44],"from":[45,117,147],"pilot":[47],"manned":[49],"vehicles.":[50],"is":[53,72,103,171],"based":[54,73,98,104],"on":[55,74,105,140],"supervised":[56,209],"machine":[57],"learning":[58,210],"techniques,":[59],"developed":[60],"with":[61],"our":[62],"own":[63],"training":[64],"dataset":[65],"two":[67,89],"models.":[68],"The":[69,100,167],"first":[70,124,190],"model":[71,102,125,169,191],"pre-trained":[76],"Convolutional":[77,108],"Pose":[78],"Machine":[79],"followed":[80],"classifier,":[83],"for":[84,174,215],"which":[85,159,188],"we":[86],"have":[87],"evaluated":[88],"possibilities:":[90],"A":[91],"Random":[92],"Forest":[93],"Multi-Layer":[96],"Perceptron":[97],"classifier.":[99],"second":[101,135,168],"single":[107],"Neural":[109],"Network":[110],"classifies":[112],"gestures":[114],"directly":[115],"imported":[116],"real":[118],"images.":[119],"When":[120],"experimentally":[121],"tested,":[122],"proved":[126],"to":[127,144,193],"be":[128,194],"more":[129,172,195],"accurate":[130],"scalable":[132],"than":[133],"one.":[136],"Its":[137],"strength":[138],"relies":[139],"better":[142],"capacity":[143],"extract":[145],"information":[146],"images":[149],"transform":[151],"domain":[153],"pixels":[155],"into":[156],"spatial":[157],"vectors,":[158],"robustness":[162],"classification":[165,220],"layer.":[166],"instead":[170],"adequate":[173],"gestures\u2019":[175],"in":[177,187],"low":[178],"visibility":[179],"environments,":[180],"such":[181],"as":[182],"during":[183],"night":[184],"operations,":[185],"conditions":[186],"appeared":[192],"limited,":[196],"segmenting":[197],"shape":[199],"operator.":[202],"Our":[203],"results":[204],"support":[205],"use":[207],"computer":[212],"vision":[213],"techniques":[214],"correct":[217],"hand":[223],"marshallers.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}