{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292979932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5","title":"A Review of the Legal, Regulatory and Practical Aspects Needed to Unlock Autonomous Beyond Visual Line of Sight Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations","display_name":"A Review of the Legal, Regulatory and Practical Aspects Needed to Unlock Autonomous Beyond Visual Line of Sight Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292979932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91329792","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","issn_l":"0921-0296","issn":["0921-0296","1573-0409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019941723","display_name":"Santiago Matalonga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5429-2449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Santiago Matalonga","raw_affiliation_strings":["ALMADA Research Centre, School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Science, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5429-2449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ALMADA Research Centre, School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Science, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103140261","display_name":"Samuel White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-7168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","display_name":"University of Dundee","ror":"https://ror.org/03h2bxq36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel White","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073494813","display_name":"Jacques Hartmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9099-9732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","display_name":"University of Dundee","ror":"https://ror.org/03h2bxq36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacques Hartmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027256726","display_name":"James Riordan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-9446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Riordan","raw_affiliation_strings":["ALMADA Research Centre, School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Science, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ALMADA Research Centre, School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Science, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019941723"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.3318,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78836108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"106","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certification","display_name":"Certification","score":0.6266283392906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5777398943901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5251020193099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enabling","display_name":"Enabling","score":0.47173774242401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4598042070865631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.45267605781555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.4428960382938385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.4122133255004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.41147804260253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37648770213127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3464547395706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.15977507829666138}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.6266283392906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5777398943901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5251020193099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22607594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375150","display_name":"Enabling","level":2,"score":0.47173774242401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4598042070865631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.45267605781555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4428960382938385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.4122133255004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41147804260253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37648770213127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3464547395706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15977507829666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91329792","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","issn_l":"0921-0296","issn":["0921-0296","1573-0409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:discovery.dundee.ac.uk:openaire/b97c19d0-daa1-4a60-ba48-1389547d6004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/b97c19d0-daa1-4a60-ba48-1389547d6004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400523","display_name":"Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","host_organization_name":"University of Dundee","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hartmann, J, White, S, Matalonga, S & Riordan, J 2022, 'A Review of the Legal, Regulatory and Practical Aspects Needed to Unlock Autonomous Beyond Visual Line of Sight Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations', Journal of Intelligent & Robotic System, vol. 106, 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/cf6c2f07-016d-4b8d-9d2d-1f146d2510f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-portal.uws.ac.uk/en/publications/cf6c2f07-016d-4b8d-9d2d-1f146d2510f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402572","display_name":"The UWS Academic Portal (University of the West of Scotland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","host_organization_name":"University of the West of Scotland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Matalonga, S, White, S, Hartmann, J & Riordan, J 2022, 'A review of the legal, regulatory and practical aspects needed to unlock autonomous beyond visual line of sight unmanned aircraft systems operations', Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, vol. 106, 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10846-022-01682-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91329792","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","issn_l":"0921-0296","issn":["0921-0296","1573-0409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G224449680","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"861211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337664","funder_display_name":"H2020 Societal Challenges"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337664","display_name":"H2020 Societal Challenges","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292979932.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292979932.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062650739","https://openalex.org/W2328574365","https://openalex.org/W2616504795","https://openalex.org/W2753986546","https://openalex.org/W2937987376","https://openalex.org/W2980390575","https://openalex.org/W2994599978","https://openalex.org/W3090970177","https://openalex.org/W3133582802","https://openalex.org/W3190171719","https://openalex.org/W4229058796","https://openalex.org/W4232504452","https://openalex.org/W4243662499","https://openalex.org/W4254841197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2054611115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Services":[1],"that":[2,165,199],"exploit":[3],"Unmanned":[4],"Aircraft":[5],"Systems":[6],"(UAS)":[7],"are":[8,67,140,205],"poised":[9],"to":[10,124,158,180,207,220,225,230,236],"revolutionise":[11],"the":[12,23,26,35,61,78,82,120,130,134,149,154,163,172,175,186,209,212,238],"service":[13],"industry":[14],"with":[15,126,240],"a":[16,51,76,102,105,223],"projected":[17],"value":[18],"of":[19,25,31,37,42,84,110,116,211],"71":[20],"BUSD":[21],"by":[22,171],"end":[24],"decade.":[27],"A":[28],"key":[29,203],"enabler":[30],"this":[32,145],"technology":[33],"is":[34,91,101,109,178],"unlocking":[36],"autonomous":[38,232],"Beyond":[39],"Visual":[40],"Line":[41],"Sight":[43],"(BVLOS)":[44],"operations.":[45,118,243],"BVLOS":[46,65,100],"operations":[47,66,139,235],"will":[48],"depend":[49],"on":[50,217],"robust":[52,85],"Detect":[53],"and":[54,63,73,89,133,197],"Avoid":[55],"(D&A)":[56],"capability.":[57],"Yet,":[58],"currently":[59],"in":[60,70,153],"UK":[62,155],"EU,":[64],"only":[68],"allowed":[69],"specific":[71],"cases":[72],"scenarios.":[74],"As":[75,119],"result,":[77],"technological":[79],"landscape":[80],"for":[81,95,113,188,194,200],"development":[83],"D&A":[86,107],"faces":[87],"limitations,":[88],"there":[90],"little":[92],"market":[93],"incentive":[94],"development.":[96],"Furthermore,":[97],"while":[98],"automated":[99],"future":[103,227],"technology,":[104],"strong":[106],"capability":[108],"importance":[111],"now":[112],"all":[114],"types":[115],"UAS":[117,138,189,234],"remote":[121,176],"pilot":[122,177],"has":[123],"deal":[125],"information":[127],"overload":[128],"from":[129],"controller":[131],"device":[132],"environment.":[135],"These":[136],"high-risk":[137],"becoming":[141],"more":[142],"common.":[143],"In":[144],"paper,":[146],"we":[147,215],"discuss":[148],"current":[150,173],"legal":[151,182],"framework":[152,174],"making":[156],"comparisons":[157],"EU":[159],"countries.":[160],"We":[161,184],"make":[162],"case":[164],"even":[166],"when":[167],"an":[168],"operation":[169],"abides":[170],"exposed":[179],"several":[181],"liabilities.":[183],"review":[185],"roadmaps":[187],"adoption":[190],"(including":[191],"certification":[192,228],"processes":[193,229],"UAS-based":[195],"products)":[196],"highlight":[198],"software-intensive":[201],"systems,":[202],"steps":[204],"missing":[206],"assure":[208],"quality":[210],"product.":[213],"Finally,":[214],"build":[216],"these":[218],"findings":[219],"set":[221],"forwards":[222],"path":[224],"complement":[226],"enable":[231],"based":[233],"share":[237],"airspace":[239],"remotely":[241],"piloted":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}