{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412826382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-025-02651-z","title":"Reverse engineering for programmable logic controller structure estimation via white box networks","display_name":"Reverse engineering for programmable logic controller structure estimation via white box networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412826382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-025-02651-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10845-025-02651-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-025-02651-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10845-025-02651-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161464388","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","issn_l":"0956-5515","issn":["0956-5515","1572-8145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10845-025-02651-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020728859","display_name":"Eun Saem Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093431","display_name":"Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/005tx0y19","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093431"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eun Saem Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["AMSquare Corp., 87 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea","Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 87 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea","Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 87 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AMSquare Corp., 87 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 87 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 87 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574","https://openalex.org/I4210093431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062562218","display_name":"Hyeontae Jo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4637-8722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104335","display_name":"Institute for Basic Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0zf565","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104335"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158432","display_name":"National Institute for Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04n7py080","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158432"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyeontae Jo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Mathematics Group, Pioneer Research Center for Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Institute for Basic Science, 55 Expo-ro, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea","Division of Applied Mathematical Sciences, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City, 30019, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Mathematics Group, Pioneer Research Center for Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Institute for Basic Science, 55 Expo-ro, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104335","https://openalex.org/I4210158432"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Applied Mathematical Sciences, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City, 30019, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003733262","display_name":"Hyung Ju Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3678-2687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyung Ju Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["AMSquare Corp., 87 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea","Department of Mathematics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 87 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea","Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 87 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3678-2687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AMSquare Corp., 87 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 87 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 87 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003733262"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.4079,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81682443,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"6","first_page":"2433","last_page":"2444"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmable-logic-controller","display_name":"Programmable logic controller","score":0.6551759243011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5273795127868652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.5161967873573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4758313000202179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-box","display_name":"White box","score":0.45617884397506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.40734976530075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3576468527317047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.11909392476081848}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37374048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188674","display_name":"Programmable logic controller","level":2,"score":0.6551759243011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5273795127868652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.5161967873573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4758313000202179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180932941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q997233","display_name":"White box","level":2,"score":0.45617884397506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.40734976530075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3576468527317047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.11909392476081848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10845-025-02651-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-025-02651-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10845-025-02651-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161464388","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","issn_l":"0956-5515","issn":["0956-5515","1572-8145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10845-025-02651-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-025-02651-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10845-025-02651-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161464388","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","issn_l":"0956-5515","issn":["0956-5515","1572-8145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1010832933","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00219980","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1320125359","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00219980","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700831490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5051746381","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-II191906","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5132518317","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2019-II191906","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6555636133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00165268","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7124767135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00165268","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7294048361","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2019-II191906","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321282","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321373","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412826382.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412826382.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514535095","https://openalex.org/W1964357740","https://openalex.org/W2101844643","https://openalex.org/W2108501770","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2239232218","https://openalex.org/W2434741482","https://openalex.org/W2530887700","https://openalex.org/W2540419089","https://openalex.org/W2583761661","https://openalex.org/W2903660960","https://openalex.org/W2972959352","https://openalex.org/W3082465854","https://openalex.org/W3111001626","https://openalex.org/W3120474329","https://openalex.org/W3153659279","https://openalex.org/W3171910865","https://openalex.org/W3207471124","https://openalex.org/W3211847530","https://openalex.org/W4230591936","https://openalex.org/W4231109964","https://openalex.org/W4383371721","https://openalex.org/W4383498518","https://openalex.org/W4392877767","https://openalex.org/W4393333521","https://openalex.org/W6684821475","https://openalex.org/W6728431463","https://openalex.org/W6746017139","https://openalex.org/W6752296227","https://openalex.org/W6940693367"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2363831530","https://openalex.org/W2363845219","https://openalex.org/W4407648083","https://openalex.org/W2381057835","https://openalex.org/W1789649838","https://openalex.org/W1780668307","https://openalex.org/W1984362519","https://openalex.org/W1988890754","https://openalex.org/W2043187379","https://openalex.org/W2000675896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Programmable":[1],"Logic":[2],"Controller":[3],"(PLC)":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,15,85,111],"digital":[7],"computer":[8],"essential":[9],"to":[10,39,74,94,109,136,152],"industrial":[11,28,148],"automation":[12,62,149,158],"systems,":[13,150],"managing":[14],"wide":[16],"range":[17],"of":[18,35,99,114,130,147,156],"input":[19],"and":[20,31,43,63,68,78,106,121,143],"output":[21],"devices.":[22,159],"Despite":[23],"its":[24],"important":[25],"role":[26],"in":[27,118],"applications,":[29],"maintaining":[30],"expanding":[32],"the":[33,96,127,145,153],"functionality":[34],"PLC":[36,56,100,131],"programs":[37],"continues":[38],"incur":[40],"significant":[41],"costs":[42],"effort.":[44],"To":[45],"address":[46],"this":[47,81],"challenge,":[48],"deep":[49],"learning-based":[50],"models":[51,60],"have":[52],"been":[53],"proposed":[54],"for":[55],"restoration.":[57],"While":[58],"these":[59],"offer":[61],"accuracy,":[64],"their":[65],"black-box":[66],"nature":[67],"dependency":[69],"on":[70],"data":[71],"quality":[72],"lead":[73],"issues":[75],"with":[76],"interpretability":[77],"reliability.":[79],"In":[80],"work,":[82],"we":[83,133],"introduce":[84],"symbolic-based":[86],"model,":[87],"also":[88],"called":[89],"White":[90],"Box":[91],"Networks":[92],"(WBN),":[93],"recover":[95],"functional":[97],"blocks":[98],"circuits.":[101],"WBN":[102],"leverages":[103],"mathematical":[104],"symbols":[105],"logical":[107],"expressions":[108],"provide":[110],"clearer":[112],"understanding":[113],"system":[115],"structures,":[116],"resulting":[117],"more":[119],"interpretable":[120],"reliable":[122],"models.":[123],"By":[124],"effectively":[125],"reconstructing":[126],"internal":[128],"structure":[129],"programs,":[132],"expect":[134],"it":[135],"reduce":[137],"maintenance":[138],"costs,":[139],"enhance":[140],"long-term":[141],"reliability,":[142],"improve":[144],"efficiency":[146],"contributing":[151],"continued":[154],"advancement":[155],"critical":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
