{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4306249047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3","title":"A deep learning framework for layer-wise porosity prediction in metal powder bed fusion using thermal signatures","display_name":"A deep learning framework for layer-wise porosity prediction in metal powder bed fusion using thermal signatures","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4306249047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161464388","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","issn_l":"0956-5515","issn":["0956-5515","1572-8145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050657524","display_name":"Yuwei Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2438-1998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuwei Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2438-1998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029920666","display_name":"Hui Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6559-2751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004950878","display_name":"Christina Xuan Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124637","display_name":"Sigma Labs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/039d88t66","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124637"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Xuan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sigma Labs, Inc., 3900 Paseo del Sol, Santa Fe, NM, 87507, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sigma Labs, Inc., 3900 Paseo del Sol, Santa Fe, NM, 87507, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111420949","display_name":"Roger Frye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0566-9670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124637","display_name":"Sigma Labs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/039d88t66","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124637"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Frye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sigma Labs, Inc., 3900 Paseo del Sol, Santa Fe, NM, 87507, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sigma Labs, Inc., 3900 Paseo del Sol, Santa Fe, NM, 87507, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054971771","display_name":"Darren Beckett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124637","display_name":"Sigma Labs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/039d88t66","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124637"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darren Beckett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sigma Labs, Inc., 3900 Paseo del Sol, Santa Fe, NM, 87507, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sigma Labs, Inc., 3900 Paseo del Sol, Santa Fe, NM, 87507, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102935163","display_name":"Kevin J. Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6749-3999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124637","display_name":"Sigma Labs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/039d88t66","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124637"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sigma Labs, Inc., 3900 Paseo del Sol, Santa Fe, NM, 87507, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sigma Labs, Inc., 3900 Paseo del Sol, Santa Fe, NM, 87507, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000087415","display_name":"Lars Jacquemetton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124637","display_name":"Sigma Labs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/039d88t66","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124637"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Jacquemetton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sigma Labs, Inc., 3900 Paseo del Sol, Santa Fe, NM, 87507, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sigma Labs, Inc., 3900 Paseo del Sol, Santa Fe, NM, 87507, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000575515","display_name":"Fred Carter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124444","display_name":"Sears Holdings (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02sx1y706","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":["DMG MORI Advanced Solutions Inc., Hoffman Estates, IL, 60192, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DMG MORI Advanced Solutions Inc., Hoffman Estates, IL, 60192, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008718013","display_name":"Zhangyuan Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangyuan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047602285","display_name":"Wei\u2010keng Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9411-2543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-keng Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074976770","display_name":"Alok Choudhary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8152-6319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alok N. Choudhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004372073","display_name":"Kornel F. Ehmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-0702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kornel Ehmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004659592","display_name":"Ankit Agrawal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5519-0302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ankit Agrawal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004659592"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":3.3824,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93287214,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"315","last_page":"329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9605000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9587000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porosity","display_name":"Porosity","score":0.9448770880699158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6198437213897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.579527735710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5084099173545837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.4267967939376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.41699230670928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36003121733665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-engineering","display_name":"Process engineering","score":0.3563344478607178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.22446474432945251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14201945066452026}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.9448770880699158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6198437213897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.579527735710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5084099173545837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.4267967939376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.41699230670928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36003121733665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.3563344478607178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.22446474432945251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14201945066452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161464388","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","issn_l":"0956-5515","issn":["0956-5515","1572-8145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:joinma:v:34:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1007_s10845-022-02039-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1893180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1893180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2421181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2421181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10845-022-02039-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161464388","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","issn_l":"0956-5515","issn":["0956-5515","1572-8145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1537714445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-2053929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337391","funder_display_name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2567168369","display_name":"Collaborative Research: AI-Driven Multi-Scale Design of Materials under Processing Constraints","funder_award_id":"2053929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2797879381","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"70NANB19H005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306111","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Commerce"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3532077172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"70NANB19H005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4629061320","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0019358, DE-SC0021399","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7170677144","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0019358","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7823767878","display_name":"ADVANCED MATERIALS CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE: CENTER FOR HIERARCHICAL MATERIALS DESIGN (CHIMAD)","funder_award_id":"70NANB19H005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8061534961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-2053929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8397883591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"70NANB19H005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337819","funder_display_name":"Center for Hierarchical Materials Design"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G960554873","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0021399","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306111","display_name":"U.S. Department of Commerce","ror":"https://ror.org/04chq2495"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309475","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337391","display_name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/028yd4c30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337819","display_name":"Center for Hierarchical Materials Design","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306249047.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306249047.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2117357420","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2125085157","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2293171408","https://openalex.org/W2567926709","https://openalex.org/W2584508145","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2745763328","https://openalex.org/W2794550100","https://openalex.org/W2802951432","https://openalex.org/W2805504266","https://openalex.org/W2895046268","https://openalex.org/W2898116879","https://openalex.org/W2902452488","https://openalex.org/W2907366958","https://openalex.org/W2915627018","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2946987235","https://openalex.org/W2950128007","https://openalex.org/W2953053221","https://openalex.org/W2966005396","https://openalex.org/W2974170420","https://openalex.org/W2977797706","https://openalex.org/W2990015413","https://openalex.org/W2994650566","https://openalex.org/W3007934944","https://openalex.org/W3017842219","https://openalex.org/W3026502674","https://openalex.org/W3027744663","https://openalex.org/W3033000587","https://openalex.org/W3034595439","https://openalex.org/W3043597110","https://openalex.org/W3044815875","https://openalex.org/W3119905647","https://openalex.org/W3129366682","https://openalex.org/W3130565475","https://openalex.org/W3164503557","https://openalex.org/W3165208483","https://openalex.org/W3168663177","https://openalex.org/W3170491157","https://openalex.org/W3186756332","https://openalex.org/W3191904496","https://openalex.org/W3201945148","https://openalex.org/W3202270763","https://openalex.org/W3213348597","https://openalex.org/W4206516891","https://openalex.org/W4210729052","https://openalex.org/W4225450288","https://openalex.org/W4232086263","https://openalex.org/W4285083923"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393554192","https://openalex.org/W2359463116","https://openalex.org/W2362875760","https://openalex.org/W392422591","https://openalex.org/W1968527418","https://openalex.org/W2392518446","https://openalex.org/W2087134426","https://openalex.org/W2214518107","https://openalex.org/W2122637380","https://openalex.org/W2362127092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Part":[1],"quality":[2,124],"manufactured":[3],"by":[4,14],"the":[5,74,82,133,141,153,156,163,174,182],"laser":[6,137,172],"powder":[7],"bed":[8],"fusion":[9,100],"process":[10,138,176],"is":[11,64,88,167],"significantly":[12],"affected":[13],"porosity.":[15],"Existing":[16],"works":[17],"of":[18,54,81,92,99,111,132,171],"process\u2013property":[19],"relationships":[20],"for":[21],"porosity":[22,45,61,72,101,135,151,158,166],"prediction":[23],"require":[24],"many":[25],"experiments":[26],"or":[27,155],"computationally":[28],"expensive":[29],"simulations":[30],"without":[31],"considering":[32],"environmental":[33],"variations.":[34],"While":[35],"efforts":[36],"that":[37,70],"adopt":[38],"real-time":[39],"monitoring":[40],"sensors":[41],"can":[42,119,144,177],"only":[43],"detect":[44],"after":[46],"its":[47,93],"occurrence":[48],"rather":[49],"than":[50],"predicting":[51],"it":[52],"ahead":[53],"time.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57,117],"study,":[58],"a":[59,109,130],"novel":[60],"detection-prediction":[62],"framework":[63,87,114],"proposed":[65,86],"based":[66,77],"on":[67,78],"deep":[68],"learning":[69],"predicts":[71],"in":[73,90,116,126,140,152],"next":[75,142],"layer":[76,143],"thermal":[79],"signatures":[80],"previous":[83],"layers.":[84],"The":[85,113],"validated":[89],"terms":[91],"ability":[94],"to":[95,123,147,180],"accurately":[96],"predict":[97],"lack":[98],"using":[102],"computerized":[103],"tomography":[104],"(CT)":[105],"scans,":[106],"which":[107],"achieves":[108],"F1-score":[110],"0.75.":[112],"presented":[115],"work":[118],"be":[120,145,160,178],"effectively":[121],"applied":[122],"control":[125],"additive":[127],"manufacturing.":[128],"As":[129],"function":[131],"predicted":[134,164],"positions,":[136],"parameters":[139],"adjusted":[146],"avoid":[148],"more":[149],"part":[150,165],"future":[154],"existing":[157],"could":[159],"filled.":[161],"If":[162],"not":[168],"acceptable":[169],"regardless":[170],"parameters,":[173],"building":[175],"stopped":[179],"minimize":[181],"loss.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-07T14:30:12.667765","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
