{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283521534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2","title":"In-process monitoring and prediction of droplet quality in droplet-on-demand liquid metal jetting additive manufacturing using machine learning","display_name":"In-process monitoring and prediction of droplet quality in droplet-on-demand liquid metal jetting additive manufacturing using machine learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283521534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161464388","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","issn_l":"0956-5515","issn":["0956-5515","1572-8145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034684339","display_name":"Aniruddha Gaikwad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8564-2621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aniruddha Gaikwad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8564-2621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053424447","display_name":"Tammy Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7380-6393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tammy Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066557377","display_name":"Brian Giera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6543-7498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Giera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084680070","display_name":"Nicholas N. Watkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5597-8944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Watkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048957093","display_name":"Saptarshi Mukherjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8280-0754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saptarshi Mukherjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077877916","display_name":"Andrew J. Pascall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7933-8690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Pascall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069013936","display_name":"David M. Stobbe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6983-042X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Stobbe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045182089","display_name":"Prahalada Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9642-622X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prahalada Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA","Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034684339"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.4891,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80526423,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"7","first_page":"2093","last_page":"2117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11190","display_name":"3D Printing in Biomedical Research","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6209121346473694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.5090731978416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4711274802684784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4376324415206909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.43326476216316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-sensor","display_name":"Soft sensor","score":0.4156755805015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3817490339279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3253258466720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09332787990570068}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6209121346473694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.5090731978416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4711274802684784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4376324415206909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43326476216316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115575686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822403","display_name":"Soft sensor","level":3,"score":0.4156755805015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3817490339279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3253258466720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09332787990570068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161464388","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","issn_l":"0956-5515","issn":["0956-5515","1572-8145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:joinma:v:33:y:2022:i:7:d:10.1007_s10845-022-01977-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1873948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1873948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/112587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/112587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10845-022-01977-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161464388","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","issn_l":"0956-5515","issn":["0956-5515","1572-8145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1088636562","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC52-07-NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2565204541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19-ERD-008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3305375552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OIA-1929172","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337378","funder_display_name":"Office of Integrative Activities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4673584467","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-2020246","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5940179435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-1719388","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6001005484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC52-07-NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6478504083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PFI-TT 2044710","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6532931043","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19-ERD-008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","funder_display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6955458992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC52-07-NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7712398641","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-1739696","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7808206738","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-1752069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G862722085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18-SI-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8660495262","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18-SI-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","funder_display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8931259538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-1920245","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337378","display_name":"Office of Integrative Activities","ror":"https://ror.org/04k9mqs78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283521534.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283521534.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975315148","https://openalex.org/W1975379241","https://openalex.org/W1976678415","https://openalex.org/W2013610791","https://openalex.org/W2018737363","https://openalex.org/W2051455972","https://openalex.org/W2069638225","https://openalex.org/W2071227217","https://openalex.org/W2093687031","https://openalex.org/W2127636035","https://openalex.org/W2322559681","https://openalex.org/W2327885202","https://openalex.org/W2465750777","https://openalex.org/W2549983562","https://openalex.org/W2562498401","https://openalex.org/W2605539090","https://openalex.org/W2629501092","https://openalex.org/W2726024733","https://openalex.org/W2728758501","https://openalex.org/W2767236661","https://openalex.org/W2790636568","https://openalex.org/W2796658739","https://openalex.org/W2803236799","https://openalex.org/W2884691768","https://openalex.org/W2891043551","https://openalex.org/W2901312569","https://openalex.org/W2907054614","https://openalex.org/W2955041708","https://openalex.org/W2963077780","https://openalex.org/W2981055053","https://openalex.org/W2987890650","https://openalex.org/W3016989108","https://openalex.org/W3028052996","https://openalex.org/W3041783452","https://openalex.org/W3045930414","https://openalex.org/W3049618663","https://openalex.org/W3092758530","https://openalex.org/W3095388982","https://openalex.org/W3109506131","https://openalex.org/W3114906674","https://openalex.org/W3121721182","https://openalex.org/W3159558376","https://openalex.org/W3202767637","https://openalex.org/W3207157615","https://openalex.org/W3212167891","https://openalex.org/W4210892599","https://openalex.org/W4213262259","https://openalex.org/W4250640407","https://openalex.org/W4292081177","https://openalex.org/W4300858224","https://openalex.org/W6691142552","https://openalex.org/W6807799880"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2374290272","https://openalex.org/W2097933059","https://openalex.org/W4386158748","https://openalex.org/W2171218219","https://openalex.org/W1972271943","https://openalex.org/W2150410159","https://openalex.org/W1970956258","https://openalex.org/W4327525404","https://openalex.org/W2408812858","https://openalex.org/W4287185323"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"droplet-on-demand":[2],"liquid":[3],"metal":[4],"jetting":[5],"(DoD-LMJ)":[6],"additive":[7],"manufacturing,":[8],"complex":[9],"physical":[10],"interactions":[11],"govern":[12],"the":[13,28,32,50,86,92,111,147,153,166,182,186,192,211,241,247],"droplet":[14,23,51,59,73,154,183,212],"characteristics,":[15,24],"such":[16],"as":[17,200],"size,":[18,112],"velocity,":[19,113],"and":[20,39,48,81,114,168,206,220],"shape.":[21],"These":[22,208],"in":[25,61,119,191,244],"turn,":[26],"determine":[27],"functional":[29],"quality":[30,42,238],"of":[31,58,72,85,94,117,170,240,246],"printed":[33],"parts.":[34],"Hence,":[35],"to":[36,46,79,98,124,151,164,180],"ensure":[37],"repeatable":[38],"reliable":[40],"part":[41],"it":[43],"is":[44,76,97],"necessary":[45],"monitor":[47],"control":[49,84],"characteristics.":[52,155],"Existing":[53],"approaches":[54],"for":[55,109,203,236],"in-situ":[56],"monitoring":[57,239],"behavior":[60],"DoD-LMJ":[62,120,242],"rely":[63],"on":[64],"high-speed":[65,125],"imaging":[66,197],"sensors.":[67],"The":[68],"resulting":[69],"high":[70],"volume":[71],"images":[74],"acquired":[75,103],"computationally":[77],"demanding":[78],"analyze":[80],"hinders":[82],"real-time":[83,137,237],"process.":[87,121],"To":[88],"overcome":[89],"this":[90,95,127,228],"challenge,":[91],"objective":[93],"work":[96,229],"use":[99,146],"time":[100,131],"series":[101,132],"data":[102,150,198],"from":[104],"an":[105],"in-process":[106],"millimeter-wave":[107,148,193],"sensor":[108,128,149,194],"predicting":[110],"shape":[115,184],"characteristics":[116,213],"droplets":[118],"As":[122],"opposed":[123],"imaging,":[126],"produces":[129],"data-efficient":[130],"signatures":[133],"that":[134,145],"allows":[135],"rapid,":[136],"process":[138],"monitoring.":[139],"We":[140],"devise":[141],"machine":[142,175],"learning":[143,176],"models":[144,163,209],"predict":[152,165],"Specifically,":[156],"we":[157],"developed":[158],"multilayer":[159],"perceptron-based":[160],"non-linear":[161],"autoregressive":[162],"size":[167],"velocity":[169],"droplets.":[171],"Likewise,":[172],"a":[173,215,231],"supervised":[174],"model":[177,204],"was":[178],"trained":[179],"classify":[181],"using":[185],"frequency":[187],"spectrum":[188],"information":[189],"contained":[190],"signatures.":[195],"High-speed":[196],"served":[199],"ground":[201],"truth":[202],"training":[205],"validation.":[207],"captured":[210],"with":[214],"statistical":[216,224],"fidelity":[217],"exceeding":[218],"90%,":[219],"vastly":[221],"outperformed":[222],"conventional":[223],"modeling":[225],"approaches.":[226],"Thus,":[227],"achieves":[230],"practically":[232],"viable":[233],"sensing":[234],"approach":[235],"process,":[243],"lieu":[245],"existing":[248],"data-intensive":[249],"image-based":[250],"techniques.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}