{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129588259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-021-00682-5","title":"A relational tsetlin machine with applications to natural language understanding","display_name":"A relational tsetlin machine with applications to natural language understanding","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129588259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-021-00682-5","mag":"3129588259"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10844-021-00682-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-021-00682-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10844-021-00682-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36033921","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems","issn_l":"0925-9902","issn":["0925-9902","1573-7675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10844-021-00682-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021954465","display_name":"Rupsa Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-5249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200650556","display_name":"University of Agder","ror":"https://ror.org/03x297z98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rupsa Saha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for AI Research, Department of IKT, University of Agder, Agder, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-5249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for AI Research, Department of IKT, University of Agder, Agder, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071922620","display_name":"Ole\u2010Christoffer Granmo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7287-030X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200650556","display_name":"University of Agder","ror":"https://ror.org/03x297z98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ole-Christoffer Granmo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for AI Research, Department of IKT, University of Agder, Agder, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for AI Research, Department of IKT, University of Agder, Agder, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055251632","display_name":"Vladimir Zadorozhny","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200650556","display_name":"University of Agder","ror":"https://ror.org/03x297z98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}],"countries":["NO","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir I. Zadorozhny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for AI Research, Department of IKT, University of Agder, Agder, Norway","School of Computing and Information, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for AI Research, Department of IKT, University of Agder, Agder, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002394922","display_name":"Morten Goodwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6331-702X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200650556","display_name":"University of Agder","ror":"https://ror.org/03x297z98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morten Goodwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for AI Research, Department of IKT, University of Agder, Agder, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for AI Research, Department of IKT, University of Agder, Agder, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021954465"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"fwci":2.4971,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90368367,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"1","first_page":"121","last_page":"148"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8686128854751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horn-clause","display_name":"Horn clause","score":0.7144243717193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.6521561741828918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propositional-calculus","display_name":"Propositional calculus","score":0.6111936569213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6003334522247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expressive-power","display_name":"Expressive power","score":0.5429480075836182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-logic-programming","display_name":"Inductive logic programming","score":0.5313665866851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.5150117874145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.498227596282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4760337173938751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.45844483375549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4478517472743988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","score":0.44778192043304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.38371843099594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-programming","display_name":"Logic programming","score":0.34108659625053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.30263274908065796}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8686128854751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189790780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933932","display_name":"Horn clause","level":3,"score":0.7144243717193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.6521561741828918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69562738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200694","display_name":"Propositional calculus","level":2,"score":0.6111936569213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6003334522247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195818886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421724","display_name":"Expressive power","level":2,"score":0.5429480075836182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779382394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464197","display_name":"Inductive logic programming","level":2,"score":0.5313665866851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.5150117874145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.498227596282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4760337173938751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.45844483375549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4478517472743988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.44778192043304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38371843099594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128838566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275603","display_name":"Logic programming","level":2,"score":0.34108659625053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.30263274908065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10844-021-00682-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-021-00682-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10844-021-00682-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36033921","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems","issn_l":"0925-9902","issn":["0925-9902","1573-7675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10844-021-00682-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-021-00682-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10844-021-00682-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36033921","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems","issn_l":"0925-9902","issn":["0925-9902","1573-7675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129588259.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129588259.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W277886906","https://openalex.org/W1224593062","https://openalex.org/W1496891266","https://openalex.org/W1525961042","https://openalex.org/W1541434994","https://openalex.org/W1545331097","https://openalex.org/W1726322587","https://openalex.org/W2011306767","https://openalex.org/W2022083809","https://openalex.org/W2046490255","https://openalex.org/W2094728533","https://openalex.org/W2106788339","https://openalex.org/W2137126099","https://openalex.org/W2149863612","https://openalex.org/W2397326603","https://openalex.org/W2796362437","https://openalex.org/W2886993012","https://openalex.org/W2945999242","https://openalex.org/W2962974452","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2967499091","https://openalex.org/W2996012579","https://openalex.org/W2999419268","https://openalex.org/W3000085795","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3042097880","https://openalex.org/W3046073404","https://openalex.org/W3047761023","https://openalex.org/W3082945673","https://openalex.org/W3094444847","https://openalex.org/W3096098199","https://openalex.org/W3113273345","https://openalex.org/W3116888807","https://openalex.org/W3119077141","https://openalex.org/W3127004482","https://openalex.org/W3127151952","https://openalex.org/W3127575370","https://openalex.org/W3153509840","https://openalex.org/W3174716710","https://openalex.org/W3183582213","https://openalex.org/W4211149307","https://openalex.org/W4233249975","https://openalex.org/W4293004632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W148982944","https://openalex.org/W1581665115","https://openalex.org/W1604185143","https://openalex.org/W2613467614","https://openalex.org/W4210795803","https://openalex.org/W2563976356","https://openalex.org/W2100978434","https://openalex.org/W4214750355","https://openalex.org/W4287324940","https://openalex.org/W3129588259"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Tsetlin":[1],"machines":[2,13],"(TMs)":[3],"are":[4,80,147],"a":[5,48,89,97,144],"pattern":[6],"recognition":[7],"approach":[8,130],"that":[9,74,146],"uses":[10],"finite":[11],"state":[12],"for":[14,33,149],"learning":[15],"and":[16,60,78,137],"propositional":[17],"logic":[18,90],"to":[19,24,71,125],"represent":[20,75],"patterns.":[21],"In":[22,36,103],"addition":[23],"being":[25],"natively":[26],"interpretable,":[27],"they":[28],"have":[29],"provided":[30],"competitive":[31],"accuracy":[32,121],"various":[34],"tasks.":[35],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"we":[39],"increase":[40,118],"the":[41,83,106,141],"computing":[42],"power":[43],"of":[44,64,92,100,143],"TMs":[45],"by":[46],"proposing":[47],"first-order":[49,107],"logic-based":[50],"framework":[51],"with":[52,116],"Herbrand":[53],"semantics.":[54],"The":[55,86,129],"resulting":[56],"TM":[57],"is":[58,88,131],"relational":[59],"can":[61],"take":[62],"advantage":[63],"logical":[65],"structures":[66],"appearing":[67],"in":[68,82,96,119],"natural":[69],"language,":[70],"learn":[72],"rules":[73],"how":[76],"actions":[77],"consequences":[79],"related":[81],"real":[84],"world.":[85],"outcome":[87],"program":[91],"Horn":[93],"clauses,":[94],"bringing":[95],"structured":[98],"view":[99],"unstructured":[101],"data.":[102],"closed-domain":[104],"question-answering,":[105],"representation":[108],"produces":[109],"10":[110],"\u00d7":[111],"more":[112],"compact":[113],"KBs,":[114],"along":[115],"an":[117],"answering":[120],"from":[122],"94.83":[123],"%":[124,127],"99.48":[126],".":[128],"further":[132],"robust":[133],"towards":[134],"erroneous,":[135],"missing,":[136],"superfluous":[138],"information,":[139],"distilling":[140],"aspects":[142],"text":[145],"important":[148],"real-world":[150],"understanding":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}