{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203500251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-021-00655-8","title":"A systematic review of question answering systems for non-factoid questions","display_name":"A systematic review of question answering systems for non-factoid questions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203500251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-021-00655-8","mag":"3203500251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10844-021-00655-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-021-00655-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36033921","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems","issn_l":"0925-9902","issn":["0925-9902","1573-7675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051477267","display_name":"Eduardo G. Cortes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0272-1982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Gabriel Cortes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0272-1982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042379351","display_name":"Vinicius Woloszyn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3554-5580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinicius Woloszyn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012702448","display_name":"Dante Augusto Couto Barone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5133-0144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dante Barone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075001284","display_name":"Sebastian M\u00f6ller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3057-0760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian M\u00f6ller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012766481","display_name":"Renata Vieira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-5477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21803372","display_name":"University of \u00c9vora","ror":"https://ror.org/02gyps716","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21803372"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renata Vieira","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIDEHUS, \u00c9vora University, \u00c9vora, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIDEHUS, \u00c9vora University, \u00c9vora, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21803372"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5013,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85612586,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"3","first_page":"453","last_page":"480"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.9398779273033142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8897342681884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5990742444992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5375786423683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5318158864974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.37397342920303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3736131191253662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3658928871154785}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.9398779273033142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8897342681884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5990742444992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5375786423683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5318158864974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37397342920303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3736131191253662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3658928871154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10844-021-00655-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-021-00655-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36033921","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems","issn_l":"0925-9902","issn":["0925-9902","1573-7675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.uevora.pt:10174/30187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10174/30187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402433","display_name":"Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44751112","https://openalex.org/W632432350","https://openalex.org/W1598602811","https://openalex.org/W1991021213","https://openalex.org/W1991427326","https://openalex.org/W2024503914","https://openalex.org/W2061687428","https://openalex.org/W2091350173","https://openalex.org/W2120519325","https://openalex.org/W2157063199","https://openalex.org/W2168811232","https://openalex.org/W2170872814","https://openalex.org/W2183366530","https://openalex.org/W2333291448","https://openalex.org/W2414781555","https://openalex.org/W2467134778","https://openalex.org/W2546892695","https://openalex.org/W2560438049","https://openalex.org/W2567362164","https://openalex.org/W2572666432","https://openalex.org/W2740747242","https://openalex.org/W2757732772","https://openalex.org/W2786864293","https://openalex.org/W2799355993","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2886993012","https://openalex.org/W2894218541","https://openalex.org/W2908775086","https://openalex.org/W2936990683","https://openalex.org/W2962973065","https://openalex.org/W2963681593","https://openalex.org/W2992007572","https://openalex.org/W2998141838","https://openalex.org/W2998183051","https://openalex.org/W3011411500","https://openalex.org/W3022452870","https://openalex.org/W3030172870","https://openalex.org/W3044687117","https://openalex.org/W3106976604","https://openalex.org/W3109435212","https://openalex.org/W3125505924","https://openalex.org/W4211166112","https://openalex.org/W4247194329","https://openalex.org/W6732201471","https://openalex.org/W6758021087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384605597","https://openalex.org/W2387743295","https://openalex.org/W3082787378","https://openalex.org/W2136007095","https://openalex.org/W2366230879","https://openalex.org/W3208425359","https://openalex.org/W2349927912","https://openalex.org/W4288102755","https://openalex.org/W3159777597","https://openalex.org/W2755541034"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}