{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410350106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10817-025-09721-0","title":"A Mechanically Verified Garbage Collector for OCaml","display_name":"A Mechanically Verified Garbage Collector for OCaml","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410350106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10817-025-09721-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10817-025-09721-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10817-025-09721-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10817-025-09721-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99781599","display_name":"Journal of Automated Reasoning","issn_l":"0168-7433","issn":["0168-7433","1573-0670"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Automated Reasoning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10817-025-09721-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105036237","display_name":"Sheera Shamsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sheera Shamsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Madras, Chennai, 600036, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Madras, Chennai, 600036, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117537647","display_name":"Dipesh Kafle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122964287","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli","ror":"https://ror.org/047x65e68","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dipesh Kafle","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIT Trichy, Trichy, 620015, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIT Trichy, Trichy, 620015, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105036239","display_name":"Dhruv Maroo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhruv Maroo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Madras, Chennai, 600036, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Madras, Chennai, 600036, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046570178","display_name":"Kartik Nagar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0679-226X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kartik Nagar","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Madras, Chennai, 600036, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Madras, Chennai, 600036, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026297326","display_name":"Karthikeyan Bhargavan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-8997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karthikeyan Bhargavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria, 75014, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria, 75014, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010633349","display_name":"KC Sivaramakrishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3491-1780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"KC Sivaramakrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Madras, Chennai, 600036, India","Tarides, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Madras, Chennai, 600036, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tarides, Chennai, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5105036237"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":3.3735,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92118692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9164000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9041000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6138633489608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6108985543251038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garbage","display_name":"Garbage","score":0.5963348746299744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garbage-collection","display_name":"Garbage collection","score":0.5261573195457458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.42728984355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3908272683620453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6138633489608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6108985543251038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75403996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5521979","display_name":"Garbage","level":2,"score":0.5963348746299744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105122174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322202","display_name":"Garbage collection","level":3,"score":0.5261573195457458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.42728984355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3908272683620453}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10817-025-09721-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10817-025-09721-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10817-025-09721-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99781599","display_name":"Journal of Automated Reasoning","issn_l":"0168-7433","issn":["0168-7433","1573-0670"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Automated Reasoning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10817-025-09721-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10817-025-09721-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10817-025-09721-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99781599","display_name":"Journal of Automated Reasoning","issn_l":"0168-7433","issn":["0168-7433","1573-0670"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Automated Reasoning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410350106.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410350106.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508974743","https://openalex.org/W1594332605","https://openalex.org/W1845763175","https://openalex.org/W1965336482","https://openalex.org/W1965760540","https://openalex.org/W1981443288","https://openalex.org/W2005907808","https://openalex.org/W2092208261","https://openalex.org/W2092767796","https://openalex.org/W2100297628","https://openalex.org/W2128812925","https://openalex.org/W2267469130","https://openalex.org/W2396020702","https://openalex.org/W2610968094","https://openalex.org/W2724374034","https://openalex.org/W2747080245","https://openalex.org/W2839528116","https://openalex.org/W2932030123","https://openalex.org/W2979969121","https://openalex.org/W3019259517","https://openalex.org/W3023729334","https://openalex.org/W3122002490","https://openalex.org/W3136970019","https://openalex.org/W4248255928","https://openalex.org/W4296694382","https://openalex.org/W4299811285","https://openalex.org/W4313143922","https://openalex.org/W4403205104"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2132258996","https://openalex.org/W2245694847","https://openalex.org/W4381304378","https://openalex.org/W2188602196","https://openalex.org/W3174776489","https://openalex.org/W1700460898","https://openalex.org/W4387773637","https://openalex.org/W2808342711","https://openalex.org/W2034669405","https://openalex.org/W2785868435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,48,103,195],"OCaml":[2,22,78,111,123,224,232,245,252],"programming":[3,26],"language":[4,27,147],"finds":[5],"application":[6],"across":[7],"diverse":[8],"domains,":[9],"including":[10],"systems":[11],"programming,":[12],"web":[13],"development,":[14],"scientific":[15],"computing,":[16],"formal":[17],"verification,":[18],"and":[19,60,114,202,217,234,238],"symbolic":[20],"mathematics.":[21],"is":[23,105,117,197,228,247],"a":[24,30,40,57,61,106,130,134,188],"memory-safe":[25],"that":[28,243],"uses":[29,80],"garbage":[31],"collector":[32,59],"(GC)":[33],"to":[34,141,163,178,212,215],"free":[35],"unreachable":[36],"memory.":[37],"It":[38],"features":[39],"low-latency,":[41],"high-performance":[42],"GC,":[43,237],"tuned":[44],"for":[45,84,92,119,132,193],"functional":[46],"programming.":[47],"GC":[49,76,101,104,137,154,158,166,172,192,221,227,233,246],"has":[50],"two":[51],"generations\u2014a":[52],"minor":[53],"heap":[54,63],"collected":[55,64],"using":[56,65],"copying":[58],"major":[62],"an":[66,74,175],"incremental":[67],"mark-and-sweep":[68,191],"collector.":[69],"Alongside":[70],"the":[71,100,110,120,161,180,209,219,223,239,250],"intricacies":[72],"of":[73,109,122,182],"efficient":[75,81],"design,":[77],"compiler":[79,211],"object":[82,86],"representations":[83],"some":[85],"classes,":[87],"such":[88],"as":[89],"interior":[90],"pointers":[91],"supporting":[93],"mutually":[94],"recursive":[95],"functions,":[96],"which":[97],"further":[98,165],"complicates":[99],"design.":[102],"critical":[107],"component":[108],"runtime":[112],"system,":[113],"its":[115,203],"correctness":[116,155],"essential":[118],"safety":[121],"programs.":[124],"In":[125],"this":[126],"paper,":[127],"we":[128,185],"propose":[129],"strategy":[131],"crafting":[133],"correct,":[135],"proof-oriented":[136],"from":[138,156],"scratch,":[139],"designed":[140],"evolve":[142],"over":[143],"time":[144],"with":[145,222,249],"additional":[146],"features.":[148],"Our":[149,226],"approach":[150,196],"neatly":[151],"separates":[152],"abstract":[153,171],"OCaml-specific":[157],"correctness,":[159],"offering":[160],"ability":[162],"integrate":[164,218],"optimizations,":[167],"while":[168],"preserving":[169],"core":[170],"correctness.":[173],"As":[174],"initial":[176],"step":[177],"demonstrate":[179],"viability":[181],"our":[183],"approach,":[184],"have":[186],"developed":[187],"verified":[189,220,244],"stop-the-world":[190],"OCaml.":[194],"fully":[198],"mechanized":[199],"in":[200],"F*":[201],"low-level":[204],"subset":[205],"Low*.":[206],"We":[207],"use":[208],"KaRaMel":[210],"compile":[213],"Low*":[214],"C,":[216],"runtime.":[225],"evaluated":[229],"against":[230],"off-the-shelf":[231],"Boehm\u2013Demers\u2013Weiser":[235],"conservative":[236],"experimental":[240],"results":[241],"show":[242],"competitive":[248],"standard":[251],"GC.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}