{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7119103501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09893-8","title":"Exploring gallbladder cancer prognosis using machine learning and explainable AI","display_name":"Exploring gallbladder cancer prognosis using machine learning and explainable AI","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7119103501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09893-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09893-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09893-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09893-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036663","display_name":"Discover Computing","issn_l":"2948-2992","issn":["2948-2992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09893-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122262373","display_name":"Shantam Srivastava","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shantam Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101618556","display_name":"Ankita Dutta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9624-0305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089010","display_name":"Tata Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/006vzad83","country_code":"IN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089010"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankita Dutta","raw_affiliation_strings":["SOLi3D laboratory, Tata Translational Cancer Research Centre, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700160, India","School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SOLi3D laboratory, Tata Translational Cancer Research Centre, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700160, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089010"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102717267","display_name":"Debashree Guha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-4509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debashree Guha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122289984","display_name":"Debnarayan Khatua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112983","display_name":"Parul University","ror":null,"country_code":"IN","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112983"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debnarayan Khatua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Applied Science and Humanities, Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University, Limda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Applied Science and Humanities, Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University, Limda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103461764","display_name":"Dilip Prasad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38119467","display_name":"Chr. Hansen (Denmark)","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv6bt66","country_code":"DK","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38119467"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dilip K. Prasad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019, Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019, Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38119467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121077551","display_name":"Arif Ahmed Sekh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38119467","display_name":"Chr. Hansen (Denmark)","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv6bt66","country_code":"DK","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38119467"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arif Ahmed Sekh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019, Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019, Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38119467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121077551"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38119467"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.3928,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96643495,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11364","display_name":"Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11364","display_name":"Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10073","display_name":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10518","display_name":"Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7402999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gallbladder-cancer","display_name":"Gallbladder cancer","score":0.6610999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gallbladder","display_name":"Gallbladder","score":0.5889000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognostic-variable","display_name":"Prognostic variable","score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survival-analysis","display_name":"Survival analysis","score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overall-survival","display_name":"Overall survival","score":0.34310001134872437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7402999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6952000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776534502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977787","display_name":"Gallbladder cancer","level":3,"score":0.6610999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777148285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64386","display_name":"Gallbladder","level":2,"score":0.5889000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5866000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164465091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248371","display_name":"Prognostic variable","level":3,"score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.446399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10515644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543310","display_name":"Survival analysis","level":2,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019894029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332823","display_name":"Overall survival","level":2,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776283816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332823","display_name":"Survival rate","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776641081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638774","display_name":"Cholecystectomy","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776231280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623031","display_name":"Liver cancer","level":3,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776493420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5518905","display_name":"Gallbladder disease","level":3,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777075537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929737","display_name":"Liver disease","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33347731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210","display_name":"Stacking","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09893-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09893-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09893-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036663","display_name":"Discover Computing","issn_l":"2948-2992","issn":["2948-2992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9b7075b4a3f54aadbaa7b7e94d10188b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9b7075b4a3f54aadbaa7b7e94d10188b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing, Vol 29, Iss 1, Pp 1-30 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09893-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09893-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09893-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036663","display_name":"Discover Computing","issn_l":"2948-2992","issn":["2948-2992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5007854700088501}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309820","display_name":"Universitetet i Troms\u00f8","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7119103501.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7119103501.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W2070493638","https://openalex.org/W2111547563","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2498119267","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2591212624","https://openalex.org/W2796719984","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2935997866","https://openalex.org/W3038078699","https://openalex.org/W3044178239","https://openalex.org/W3044815290","https://openalex.org/W3116804779","https://openalex.org/W4200080758","https://openalex.org/W4210443683","https://openalex.org/W4283159759","https://openalex.org/W4297957988","https://openalex.org/W4307359779","https://openalex.org/W4307514945","https://openalex.org/W4311031872","https://openalex.org/W4320497654","https://openalex.org/W4376112749","https://openalex.org/W4378515779","https://openalex.org/W4378745093","https://openalex.org/W4389378168","https://openalex.org/W4390623460","https://openalex.org/W4394712665","https://openalex.org/W4395669799","https://openalex.org/W4399930336","https://openalex.org/W4400336337","https://openalex.org/W4401523065","https://openalex.org/W4402071909","https://openalex.org/W4402883705","https://openalex.org/W4403161392","https://openalex.org/W4404522132","https://openalex.org/W4404571357","https://openalex.org/W4404821547","https://openalex.org/W4405843182","https://openalex.org/W4407028552","https://openalex.org/W4407084952","https://openalex.org/W4408165533","https://openalex.org/W4408568272","https://openalex.org/W4409586945","https://openalex.org/W4410077074","https://openalex.org/W4410950126","https://openalex.org/W4412994605","https://openalex.org/W4413949620","https://openalex.org/W4415816298","https://openalex.org/W4416758788"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Gallbladder":[1],"cancer":[2,47],"(GBC)":[3],"is":[4,12],"globally":[5],"rare":[6],"but":[7],"prevalent":[8],"in":[9,198,265,313],"India.":[10],"GBC":[11],"often":[13],"diagnosed":[14],"at":[15,49,318],"an":[16,280],"advanced":[17],"stage,":[18],"leading":[19],"to":[20,36,66,83,112,164,287],"a":[21,57,176,180,206],"poor":[22],"outcome.":[23],"The":[24,70,93,213,249],"identification":[25],"of":[26,72,136,155,159,167,210,220,235,241,251,257,282],"key":[27],"prognostic":[28,91,104,161,211,247],"factors":[29,285],"and":[30,77,88,99,194,205,222,238,262,277,304,310],"accurate":[31],"survival":[32,68,141,168,226],"prediction":[33,148,169],"are":[34,243,291,316],"crucial":[35],"optimizing":[37],"treatment":[38,302],"strategies.":[39],"Retrospective":[40],"data":[41],"from":[42,56],"698":[43],"patients":[44],"with":[45,115,185],"gallbladder":[46,171],"treated":[48],"Tata":[50],"Medical":[51],"Center,":[52],"Kolkata":[53],"were":[54,64,81],"obtained":[55,127],"published":[58],"dataset.":[59],"Different":[60],"machine":[61,270],"learning":[62,271],"models":[63,144,166,272,298],"used":[65,82,312],"predict":[67,274],"outcomes.":[69,118,307],"performance":[71],"the":[73,85,124,134,137,156,218,232,236,239,244,255,283],"model":[74,126,139],"was":[75],"evaluated,":[76],"explainable":[78,269],"AI":[79,151],"techniques":[80,152],"interpret":[84],"model\u2019s":[86],"output":[87],"identify":[89],"significant":[90,103],"factors.":[92,105,162,212],"analysis":[94],"identified":[95],"elevated":[96],"liver":[97,221,258],"enzymes":[98],"bilirubin":[100],"levels":[101,264],"as":[102,188],"Advanced":[106],"age":[107],"has":[108],"also":[109,145,253,278],"been":[110],"shown":[111],"be":[113],"correlated":[114],"terminal":[116],"disease":[117],"When":[119],"comparing":[120],"different":[121],"modeling":[122],"systems,":[123],"stacking":[125,138,183],"perfect":[128,200],"matrix":[129],"scores.":[130],"These":[131],"results":[132,197],"confirmed":[133],"resilience":[135],"for":[140,170],"prediction.":[142],"Other":[143],"showed":[146],"high":[147],"performance.":[149],"Explainable":[150],"provide":[153],"details":[154],"relative":[157],"importance":[158,256],"these":[160],"Compared":[163],"prevailing":[165],"cancer,":[172],"this":[173,314],"one":[174],"represents":[175],"major":[177],"improvement,":[178],"correlating":[179],"rigorously":[181],"validated":[182],"ensemble":[184],"comprehensive":[186],"explainability,":[187],"demonstrated":[189,254],"by":[190],"SHAP,":[191],"PDP,":[192],"ICE,":[193],"LIME.":[195],"This":[196],"almost":[199],"discrimination":[201],"(AUROC":[202],"=":[203],"0.9949)":[204],"significantly":[207],"boosted":[208],"interpretability":[209],"partial":[214],"dependence":[215],"plots":[216],"present":[217],"effects":[219],"glycemic":[223],"markers":[224],"on":[225],"prognosis.":[227],"SHAP":[228,252],"values":[229],"illustrated":[230],"that":[231],"final":[233],"stage":[234],"tumor":[237],"absence":[240],"surgery":[242],"top":[245],"negative":[246],"indicators.":[248],"explainability":[250],"enzymes,":[259],"bilirubin,":[260],"age,":[261],"albumin":[263],"predicting":[266],"survival.":[267,288],"Hence,":[268],"help":[273,300],"more":[275],"accurately":[276],"support":[279],"understanding":[281],"main":[284],"contributing":[286],"If":[289],"they":[290],"ever":[292],"integrated":[293],"into":[294],"clinical":[295],"environments,":[296],"such":[297],"can":[299],"personalize":[301],"strategies":[303],"improve":[305],"care":[306],"All":[308],"codes":[309],"datasets":[311],"study":[315],"available":[317],"https://github.com/devnarayan87/GBC_Cancer_Data":[319],".":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-01-08T00:00:00"}