{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7119492734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09804-x","title":"HateBertBN: a hybrid transformer based model for Bangla hate speech detection across various social contexts","display_name":"HateBertBN: a hybrid transformer based model for Bangla hate speech detection across various social contexts","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7119492734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09804-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09804-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09804-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09804-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036663","display_name":"Discover Computing","issn_l":"2948-2992","issn":["2948-2992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09804-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024167961","display_name":"Tanvir Azhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4248-2172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114658","display_name":"East Delta University","ror":"https://ror.org/022j25y55","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114658"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tanvir Azhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Engineering & Technology, East Delta University, Chattogram, 4209, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Engineering & Technology, East Delta University, Chattogram, 4209, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058934283","display_name":"Tahsin Mahmud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114658","display_name":"East Delta University","ror":"https://ror.org/022j25y55","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114658"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tahsin Mahmud","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Engineering & Technology, East Delta University, Chattogram, 4209, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Engineering & Technology, East Delta University, Chattogram, 4209, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006677886","display_name":"Muhammad Asif Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3133-9106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114658","display_name":"East Delta University","ror":"https://ror.org/022j25y55","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114658"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asif Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Engineering & Technology, East Delta University, Chattogram, 4209, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Engineering & Technology, East Delta University, Chattogram, 4209, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122355385","display_name":"Mohammed Nazim Uddin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114658","display_name":"East Delta University","ror":"https://ror.org/022j25y55","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114658"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Nazim Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Engineering & Technology, East Delta University, Chattogram, 4209, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Engineering & Technology, East Delta University, Chattogram, 4209, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114658"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122355268","display_name":"Seung-Bo Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135089","display_name":"Global Convergence (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/037bj9005","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135089"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Bo Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Convergence Engineering, Inha University, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Convergence Engineering, Inha University, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024167961"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114658"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":31.4596,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98265393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bengali","display_name":"Bengali","score":0.8281000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5943999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.49480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-activity-detection","display_name":"Voice activity detection","score":0.49160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.3707999885082245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19235068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9610","display_name":"Bengali","level":2,"score":0.8281000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6733999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6352999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5943999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204201278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332614","display_name":"Voice activity detection","level":3,"score":0.49160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11693617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181839","display_name":"Pragmatics","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09804-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09804-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09804-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036663","display_name":"Discover Computing","issn_l":"2948-2992","issn":["2948-2992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d1043258ff246c898db48f1ac8751ba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d1043258ff246c898db48f1ac8751ba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing, Vol 29, Iss 1, Pp 1-29 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09804-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09804-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09804-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036663","display_name":"Discover Computing","issn_l":"2948-2992","issn":["2948-2992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5732439160346985}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G195210088","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS 2023-00252952","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5759118331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00252952","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7119492734.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7119492734.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189882141","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2613977835","https://openalex.org/W2909182718","https://openalex.org/W2911227954","https://openalex.org/W2952638691","https://openalex.org/W2957007523","https://openalex.org/W2972858693","https://openalex.org/W2973086378","https://openalex.org/W2985793898","https://openalex.org/W2995590669","https://openalex.org/W3014487746","https://openalex.org/W3032985518","https://openalex.org/W3035390927","https://openalex.org/W3092571060","https://openalex.org/W3108724972","https://openalex.org/W3111436990","https://openalex.org/W3116724594","https://openalex.org/W3116835014","https://openalex.org/W3119629111","https://openalex.org/W3156333129","https://openalex.org/W3169973903","https://openalex.org/W3172559340","https://openalex.org/W3195401316","https://openalex.org/W3198943295","https://openalex.org/W4200196719","https://openalex.org/W4205791572","https://openalex.org/W4281389412","https://openalex.org/W4283817401","https://openalex.org/W4287888679","https://openalex.org/W4288776353","https://openalex.org/W4297324389","https://openalex.org/W4312752143","https://openalex.org/W4315629854","https://openalex.org/W4319988691","https://openalex.org/W4360604696","https://openalex.org/W4361279959","https://openalex.org/W4385287507","https://openalex.org/W4387741989","https://openalex.org/W4389518282","https://openalex.org/W4389518293","https://openalex.org/W4390475609","https://openalex.org/W4393141250","https://openalex.org/W4398250262","https://openalex.org/W4399022529","https://openalex.org/W4404791723"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"widespread":[1],"use":[2],"of":[3,12,40,48,54,152,158,175],"online":[4],"social":[5],"media":[6],"platforms":[7],"has":[8],"amplified":[9],"the":[10,37,63,162,194],"importance":[11],"efficient":[13],"hate":[14,41,67,120],"speech":[15,68,121],"detection,":[16],"especially":[17],"in":[18,35,122,193,208],"low-resource":[19],"languages":[20],"like":[21],"Bengali.":[22],"While":[23],"traditional":[24],"machine":[25],"learning":[26,31],"approaches":[27,207],"show":[28],"promise,":[29],"deep":[30],"is":[32],"more":[33],"effective":[34],"capturing":[36],"nuanced":[38],"context":[39],"speech.":[42],"Current":[43],"challenges":[44],"include":[45],"a":[46,93,155,168],"lack":[47],"diverse":[49],"datasets":[50],"and":[51,86,109,131,154,164,172,181,197,214],"models":[52],"capable":[53],"context-sensitive":[55],"detection.":[56],"To":[57],"address":[58],"these,":[59],"we":[60],"introduce":[61],"HateCorpBN-XL,":[62],"largest":[64],"labeled":[65],"Bengali":[66,123],"dataset":[69],"to":[70],"date,":[71],"containing":[72],"65,251":[73],"comments":[74],"across":[75],"five":[76,137],"categories:":[77],"political":[78],"(PoHS),":[79],"religious":[80],"(ReHS),":[81],"misogynistic":[82],"(MisoHS),":[83],"slander":[84],"(SlaHS),":[85],"xenophobic":[87],"(XenHS).":[88],"We":[89,111],"also":[90],"propose":[91],"HateBertBN,":[92],"hybrid":[94,203],"transformer-based":[95],"model":[96,204],"combining":[97],"BanglaBERT":[98],"embeddings":[99],"with":[100],"three":[101],"neural":[102],"network":[103],"fusion":[104],"strategies":[105],"using":[106],"CNN,":[107],"LSTM,":[108],"MLP.":[110],"evaluate":[112],"our":[113,202],"approach":[114],"on":[115],"two":[116],"tasks,":[117,210],"Task-1:":[118],"detecting":[119],"text":[124],"classifying":[125],"it":[126,189],"as":[127],"hateful":[128,134],"or":[129],"non-hateful":[130],"Task-2:":[132],"categorizing":[133],"content":[135],"into":[136],"distinct":[138],"classes.":[139],"For":[140],"Task-1,":[141],"all":[142],"HateBertBN":[143],"variants":[144,166],"outperformed":[145],"current":[146],"transformer":[147],"models,":[148],"achieving":[149],"an":[150],"accuracy":[151,171],"0.92":[153],"weighted":[156,173],"F1-score":[157,174],"0.92.":[159],"In":[160],"Task-2,":[161],"HateBertBN-MLP":[163],"HateBertBN-CNN":[165],"achieved":[167,190],"notable":[169],"0.90":[170],"0.90,":[176],"surpassing":[177],"M-BERT,":[178],"Distil-M-BERT,":[179],"BanglaBERT,":[180],"XLM-R-Base.":[182],"Although":[183],"HateBertBN-LSTM":[184],"performed":[185],"slightly":[186],"lower":[187],"overall,":[188],"strong":[191],"F1-scores":[192],"ReHS":[195],"(0.93)":[196],"XenHS":[198],"(1.00)":[199],"categories.":[200],"Overall,":[201],"outperforms":[205],"state-of-the-art":[206],"both":[209],"demonstrating":[211],"its":[212],"effectiveness":[213],"robustness.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-01-09T00:00:00"}
