{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415787192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09724-w","title":"A systematic analysis on performance and computational complexity of sorting algorithms","display_name":"A systematic analysis on performance and computational complexity of sorting algorithms","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415787192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09724-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09724-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09724-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09724-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036663","display_name":"Discover Computing","issn_l":"2948-2992","issn":["2948-2992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09724-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120228139","display_name":"Sureshkumar Sundaramoorthy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sureshkumar Sundaramoorthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120228140","display_name":"Govardhan Karunanidhi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Govardhan Karunanidhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120228139","https://openalex.org/A5120228140"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4565,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9091704,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.6212000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.6212000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.14069999754428864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.05689999833703041,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorting-algorithm","display_name":"Sorting algorithm","score":0.7153000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sort","display_name":"sort","score":0.6225000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorting","display_name":"Sorting","score":0.5724999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge-algorithm","display_name":"Merge algorithm","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quicksort","display_name":"Quicksort","score":0.5019000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.42080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge","display_name":"Merge (version control)","score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inefficiency","display_name":"Inefficiency","score":0.3598000109195709}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.786300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108094655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181593","display_name":"Sorting algorithm","level":3,"score":0.7153000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347599","display_name":"sort","level":2,"score":0.6225000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.5724999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140086265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11341754","display_name":"Merge algorithm","level":4,"score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5475000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778937211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486598","display_name":"Quicksort","level":4,"score":0.5019000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.42080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778869765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028363","display_name":"Inefficiency","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35555965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189057","display_name":"Merge sort","level":4,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134757568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274089","display_name":"Heap (data structure)","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197640229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066","display_name":"Predictability","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778701210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034","display_name":"Constructive","level":3,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96147967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190686","display_name":"Subroutine","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09724-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09724-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09724-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036663","display_name":"Discover Computing","issn_l":"2948-2992","issn":["2948-2992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c67b899a68f4455ab9a594c603cdb5de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c67b899a68f4455ab9a594c603cdb5de","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing, Vol 28, Iss 1, Pp 1-30 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09724-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-025-09724-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10791-025-09724-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036663","display_name":"Discover Computing","issn_l":"2948-2992","issn":["2948-2992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322838","display_name":"VIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415787192.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415787192.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71769290","https://openalex.org/W1485894084","https://openalex.org/W1495075646","https://openalex.org/W1574212840","https://openalex.org/W1650396724","https://openalex.org/W1971291605","https://openalex.org/W2016018812","https://openalex.org/W2031833362","https://openalex.org/W2073381054","https://openalex.org/W2080693900","https://openalex.org/W2090202774","https://openalex.org/W2153335797","https://openalex.org/W2156553179","https://openalex.org/W2165038730","https://openalex.org/W2313008498","https://openalex.org/W2318698818","https://openalex.org/W2334865173","https://openalex.org/W2473534002","https://openalex.org/W2503958529","https://openalex.org/W2513290497","https://openalex.org/W2514385558","https://openalex.org/W2530919473","https://openalex.org/W2540352350","https://openalex.org/W2605427174","https://openalex.org/W2614848892","https://openalex.org/W2624054102","https://openalex.org/W2741455069","https://openalex.org/W2767012303","https://openalex.org/W2795326547","https://openalex.org/W2798501841","https://openalex.org/W2892941758","https://openalex.org/W2981906129","https://openalex.org/W2989654089","https://openalex.org/W2996839287","https://openalex.org/W2997393250","https://openalex.org/W3002909018","https://openalex.org/W3013590109","https://openalex.org/W3014462956","https://openalex.org/W3033665083","https://openalex.org/W3041265870","https://openalex.org/W3047050130","https://openalex.org/W3094481305","https://openalex.org/W3096252857","https://openalex.org/W3154723478","https://openalex.org/W3166991162","https://openalex.org/W3191055624","https://openalex.org/W4205451827","https://openalex.org/W4205691398","https://openalex.org/W4206161857","https://openalex.org/W4206513225","https://openalex.org/W4210839857","https://openalex.org/W4236807655","https://openalex.org/W4244558391","https://openalex.org/W4251243812","https://openalex.org/W4302198818","https://openalex.org/W4313339062","https://openalex.org/W4316021325","https://openalex.org/W4318570878","https://openalex.org/W4323060052","https://openalex.org/W4362496990","https://openalex.org/W4362680619","https://openalex.org/W4362681859","https://openalex.org/W4362682044","https://openalex.org/W4386106696","https://openalex.org/W4389428824","https://openalex.org/W4389544755","https://openalex.org/W4391129861","https://openalex.org/W4391130025","https://openalex.org/W4391319263","https://openalex.org/W4391936729","https://openalex.org/W4392254596","https://openalex.org/W4400358289","https://openalex.org/W4407293100","https://openalex.org/W4408043650"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"With":[1],"the":[2,24,55,89,93,104,152],"exponential":[3],"growth":[4],"of":[5,29,65],"digital":[6],"data,":[7,102],"efficient":[8],"sorting":[9,32,134,170],"techniques":[10,171],"has":[11],"becomes":[12],"essential":[13],"for":[14,96],"real-time":[15],"and":[16,26,45,48,70,75,100,112,117,139,157,166,177],"large-scale":[17],"computing":[18],"applications.":[19],"This":[20,34,149],"review":[21],"systematically":[22],"evaluates":[23],"performance":[25,95,119],"computational":[27],"complexity":[28],"twelve":[30],"classical":[31],"techniques.":[33],"study":[35,150],"considers":[36],"both":[37],"theoretical":[38,155],"aspects,":[39],"such":[40,136],"as":[41,137],"time,":[42],"space":[43],"complexity,":[44],"algorithmic":[46],"stability,":[47],"complements":[49],"them":[50],"with":[51,108],"empirical":[52,158],"analysis":[53,156],"using":[54],"MATLAB":[56],"platform.":[57],"Execution":[58],"times":[59],"were":[60],"benchmarked":[61],"across":[62,120],"a":[63],"variety":[64],"data":[66,78,121,147],"types,":[67],"including":[68],"positive":[69,109],"negative":[71],"integers,":[72],"decimal":[73],"numbers,":[74],"characters,":[76],"over":[77],"sizes":[79],"ranging":[80],"from":[81],"100":[82],"to":[83,124,163],"100,000":[84],"elements.":[85],"Results":[86],"indicate":[87],"that":[88],"bucket":[90],"sort":[91,106,114],"delivers":[92],"fastest":[94],"uniformly":[97],"distributed":[98],"numeric":[99],"character":[101],"while":[103],"counting":[105],"excels":[107],"integers.":[110],"Merge":[111],"heap":[113],"provide":[115],"stable":[116],"scalable":[118],"volumes":[122],"due":[123],"their":[125],"consistent":[126],"O(n":[127],"log":[128],"n)":[129],"complexity.":[130],"In":[131],"contrast,":[132],"simpler":[133],"techniques,":[135],"bubble":[138],"selection":[140],"sorting,":[141],"show":[142],"significant":[143],"inefficiency":[144],"on":[145,173],"larger":[146],"sizes.":[148],"bridges":[151],"gap":[153],"between":[154],"behavior,":[159],"offering":[160],"practical":[161],"insight":[162],"help":[164],"researchers":[165],"developers":[167],"select":[168],"optimal":[169],"based":[172],"specific":[174],"application":[175],"needs":[176],"input":[178],"characteristics.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00"}
