{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128668371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10766-020-00690-y","title":"iDocChip: A Configurable Hardware Architecture for Historical Document Image Processing","display_name":"iDocChip: A Configurable Hardware Architecture for Historical Document Image Processing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128668371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10766-020-00690-y","mag":"3128668371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10766-020-00690-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10766-020-00690-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10766-020-00690-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148521650","display_name":"International Journal of Parallel Programming","issn_l":"0885-7458","issn":["0885-7458","1573-7640"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Parallel Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10766-020-00690-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065374950","display_name":"Menbere Kina Tekleyohannes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Menbere Kina Tekleyohannes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026761218","display_name":"Vladimir Rybalkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0926-6062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Rybalkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057376276","display_name":"Muhammad Mohsin Ghaffar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3769-8808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Mohsin Ghaffar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086740133","display_name":"Javier Alejandro Varela","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Alejandro Varela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059285190","display_name":"Norbert Wehn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9010-086X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norbert Wehn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101904182","display_name":"Andreas Dengel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-8255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Dengel","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065374950"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.3843,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58534314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"2","first_page":"253","last_page":"284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13579","display_name":"Image and Video Stabilization","score":0.9634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7733511328697205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.6901776790618896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5911508202552795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digitization","display_name":"Digitization","score":0.5115340948104858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48167407512664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.4567722678184509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.447762131690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3321845233440399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.330730140209198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20377683639526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.16581380367279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1110357940196991}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7733511328697205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.6901776790618896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5911508202552795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779308522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958","display_name":"Digitization","level":2,"score":0.5115340948104858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48167407512664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.4567722678184509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.447762131690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3321845233440399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.330730140209198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20377683639526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.16581380367279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1110357940196991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10766-020-00690-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10766-020-00690-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10766-020-00690-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148521650","display_name":"International Journal of Parallel Programming","issn_l":"0885-7458","issn":["0885-7458","1573-7640"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Parallel Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kluedo.ub.rptu.de:7837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://kluedo.ub.rptu.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/7837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402046","display_name":"Publication Server of Kaiserslautern University of Technology (Kaiserslautern University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","host_organization_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10766-020-00690-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10766-020-00690-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10766-020-00690-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148521650","display_name":"International Journal of Parallel Programming","issn_l":"0885-7458","issn":["0885-7458","1573-7640"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Parallel Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128668371.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128668371.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998437378","https://openalex.org/W2070199862","https://openalex.org/W2076434798","https://openalex.org/W2085361026","https://openalex.org/W2091171890","https://openalex.org/W2130611454","https://openalex.org/W2131801066","https://openalex.org/W2177436562","https://openalex.org/W2270798212","https://openalex.org/W2294932260","https://openalex.org/W2533973874","https://openalex.org/W2560354825","https://openalex.org/W2611966310","https://openalex.org/W2612880638","https://openalex.org/W2616014673","https://openalex.org/W2768195004","https://openalex.org/W2769492692","https://openalex.org/W2778768943","https://openalex.org/W2786345741","https://openalex.org/W2789861020","https://openalex.org/W2793735010","https://openalex.org/W2806565062","https://openalex.org/W2809564795","https://openalex.org/W2886287228","https://openalex.org/W2894619617","https://openalex.org/W2945036369","https://openalex.org/W2972261719","https://openalex.org/W2973732790","https://openalex.org/W3005878200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539704186","https://openalex.org/W2399890175","https://openalex.org/W3202479762","https://openalex.org/W2480493049","https://openalex.org/W4322582183","https://openalex.org/W4308177873","https://openalex.org/W1937392525","https://openalex.org/W2380173191","https://openalex.org/W1991513203","https://openalex.org/W3178467699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1,44,186],"recent":[2],"years,":[3],"$$\\hbox":[4,38,72,173,219],"{optical":[5],"character":[6,11],"recognition":[7,12,100],"(OCR)}$$":[8],"<mml:math":[9,40,74,176,221,266,273],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>optical":[10],"(OCR)</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>":[13],"systems":[14],"have":[15,64],"been":[16],"used":[17],"to":[18,46,52,63,96,107,124,250],"digitally":[19],"preserve":[20],"historical":[21,25,104,127,184],"archives.":[22],"To":[23,150],"transcribe":[24],"archives":[26],"into":[27],"a":[28,65,136,156,168,212],"machine-readable":[29],"form,":[30],"first,":[31],"the":[32,50,108,116,118,194,200,260],"documents":[33,48,105],"are":[34,58,88,236],"scanned,":[35],"then":[36],"an":[37,217],"{OCR}$$":[39,73],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mtext>OCR</mml:mtext></mml:math>":[41,75],"is":[42,61,122,167],"applied.":[43],"order":[45],"digitize":[47,126],"without":[49],"need":[51],"remove":[53],"them":[54],"from":[55],"where":[56],"they":[57,94],"archived,":[59],"it":[60],"valuable":[62],"portable":[66],"device":[67],"that":[68],"combines":[69],"scanning":[70],"and":[71,82,146,204,245,252,277],"capabilities.":[76],"Nowadays,":[77],"there":[78],"exist":[79],"many":[80],"commercial":[81],"open-source":[83],"document":[84],"digitization":[85],"techniques,":[86],"which":[87,121,166,208],"optimized":[89,218,233],"for":[90,102,182],"contemporary":[91],"documents.":[92,114,185],"However,":[93,132],"fail":[95],"give":[97],"sufficient":[98],"text":[99],"accuracy":[101],"transcribing":[103],"due":[106],"severe":[109],"quality":[110],"degradation":[111],"of":[112,138,193,211,226],"such":[113],"On":[115],"contrary,":[117],"anyOCR":[119,181,201,228,262],"system,":[120],"designed":[123],"mainly":[125],"documents,":[128],"provides":[129],"high":[130,139,147,280],"accuracy.":[131,281],"this":[133,187,227],"comes":[134],"at":[135],"cost":[137],"computational":[140],"complexity":[141],"resulting":[142,256],"in":[143,199],"long":[144],"runtime":[145,251],"power":[148,158,253],"consumption.":[149,254],"tackle":[151],"these":[152],"challenges,":[153],"we":[154,189],"propose":[155],"low":[157],"energy-efficient":[159],"accelerator":[160,258],"with":[161,231,248],"real-time":[162],"capabilities":[163],"called":[164],"iDocChip,":[165],"configurable":[169],"hybrid":[170,224],"hardware-software":[171],"programmable":[172],"{System-on-Chip":[174],"(SoC)}$$":[175],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>System-on-Chip":[177],"(SoC)</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>":[178],"based":[179],"on":[180,191,242],"digitizing":[183],"paper,":[188],"focus":[190],"one":[192],"most":[195],"crucial":[196],"processing":[197],"steps":[198],"system:":[202],"Text":[203],"Image":[205],"Segmentation":[206],",":[207,268],"makes":[209],"use":[210],"multi-resolution":[213],"morphology-based":[214],"algorithm.":[215],"Moreover,":[216],"{FPGA}$$":[220],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mtext>FPGA</mml:mtext></mml:math>":[222],"-based":[223],"architecture":[225],"step":[229],"along":[230],"its":[232,279],"software":[234],"implementations":[235],"presented.":[237],"We":[238],"demonstrate":[239],"our":[240],"results":[241],"multiple":[243],"embedded":[244],"general-purpose":[246],"platforms":[247],"respect":[249],"The":[255],"hardware":[257],"outperforms":[259],"existing":[261],"by":[263],"6.2":[264],"$$\\times$$":[265,272],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mo>\u00d7</mml:mo></mml:math>":[267,274],"while":[269],"achieving":[270],"207":[271],"higher":[275],"energy-efficiency":[276],"maintaining":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-02-15T00:00:00"}