{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408711855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-025-09836-8","title":"Unveiling Scoring Processes: Dissecting the Differences Between LLMs and Human Graders in Automatic Scoring","display_name":"Unveiling Scoring Processes: Dissecting the Differences Between LLMs and Human Graders in Automatic Scoring","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408711855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-025-09836-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10758-025-09836-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-025-09836-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764582272","display_name":"Technology Knowledge and Learning","issn_l":"2211-1662","issn":["2211-1662","2211-1670"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106055653","display_name":"Xuansheng Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuansheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107154990","display_name":"Padmaja Pravin Saraf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Padmaja Pravin Saraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090808151","display_name":"Gyeonggeon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3742-7927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gyeonggeon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026133451","display_name":"Ehsan Latif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6553-4093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Latif","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI4STEM Education Center, University of Georgia, 110 Carlton St, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA","Department of Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies Education, University of Georgia, 110 Carlton St, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI4STEM Education Center, University of Georgia, 110 Carlton St, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies Education, University of Georgia, 110 Carlton St, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007489034","display_name":"Ninghao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9170-2424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ninghao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013379229","display_name":"Xiaoming Zha\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-1931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI4STEM Education Center, University of Georgia, 110 Carlton St, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA","Department of Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies Education, University of Georgia, 110 Carlton St, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-1931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI4STEM Education Center, University of Georgia, 110 Carlton St, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies Education, University of Georgia, 110 Carlton St, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013379229"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":42.9882,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99810706,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"669","last_page":"684"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-education","display_name":"Science education","score":0.6033385992050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.34854379296302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3321976363658905}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44877443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2485457","display_name":"Science education","level":2,"score":0.6033385992050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.34854379296302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3321976363658905}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10758-025-09836-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-025-09836-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764582272","display_name":"Technology Knowledge and Learning","issn_l":"2211-1662","issn":["2211-1662","2211-1670"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4948657965","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"213884","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5952319773","display_name":"Supporting Instructional Decision Making: The Potential of An Automatically Scored Three-dimensional Assessment System","funder_award_id":"2101104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6552817191","display_name":"Collaborative Research: III: Small: Graph-Oriented Usable Interpretation","funder_award_id":"2223768","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123169053","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3003936178","https://openalex.org/W3091828467","https://openalex.org/W3118383039","https://openalex.org/W4221143046","https://openalex.org/W4226315886","https://openalex.org/W4240429504","https://openalex.org/W4283698048","https://openalex.org/W4313185449","https://openalex.org/W4365139036","https://openalex.org/W4368364103","https://openalex.org/W4381487157","https://openalex.org/W4381956875","https://openalex.org/W4385569978","https://openalex.org/W4385632485","https://openalex.org/W4385825578","https://openalex.org/W4390043316","https://openalex.org/W4390490761","https://openalex.org/W4390943000","https://openalex.org/W4393119218","https://openalex.org/W4393161681","https://openalex.org/W4396912849","https://openalex.org/W4401042295","https://openalex.org/W6838865847","https://openalex.org/W6852874933","https://openalex.org/W6857685708"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2931662336","https://openalex.org/W4220667126","https://openalex.org/W2077865380","https://openalex.org/W3006817050","https://openalex.org/W4401768695","https://openalex.org/W2765597752","https://openalex.org/W2134894512","https://openalex.org/W2083375246"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}