{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2520153592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-016-9291-y","title":"The Effect of Highly Scaffolded Versus General Instruction on Students\u2019 Exploratory Behavior and Arousal","display_name":"The Effect of Highly Scaffolded Versus General Instruction on Students\u2019 Exploratory Behavior and Arousal","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2520153592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-016-9291-y","mag":"2520153592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10758-016-9291-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-016-9291-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10758-016-9291-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764582272","display_name":"Technology Knowledge and Learning","issn_l":"2211-1662","issn":["2211-1662","2211-1670"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10758-016-9291-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065614058","display_name":"Paulo Blikstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3941-1088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Blikstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, CERAS Bldg, 520 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-3001, Brazil","Stanford Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, CERAS Bldg, 520 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-3001, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, CERAS Bldg, 520 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-3001, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004","https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, CERAS Bldg, 520 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-3001, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033863280","display_name":"July Silveira Gomes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3048-2867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"July Silveira Gomes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, CERAS Bldg, 520 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-3001, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, CERAS Bldg, 520 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-3001, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024019777","display_name":"Henrique Teruo Akiba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9582-5635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I912024754","display_name":"Sage (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/01xhv6h58","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I912024754"]}],"countries":["BR","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrique Teruo Akiba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Psychology, University of Sa o Paulo, Sa o Paulo, Brazil","Institute of Psychology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Psychology, University of Sa o Paulo, Sa o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I912024754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Psychology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075953566","display_name":"Bertrand Schneider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0922-2593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bertrand Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, CERAS Bldg, 520 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-3001, Brazil","Stanford Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, CERAS Bldg, 520 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-3001, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, CERAS Bldg, 520 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-3001, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004","https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, CERAS Bldg, 520 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-3001, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065614058"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":1.801,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85876678,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"105","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12887","display_name":"Educational Strategies and Epistemologies","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6727733612060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5957778096199036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4886079430580139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relaxation","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","score":0.48727405071258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48288679122924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4547351002693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arousal","display_name":"Arousal","score":0.41178083419799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3960227966308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32190096378326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.1887151002883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10917553305625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07823270559310913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6727733612060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5957778096199036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4886079430580139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3935810","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48727405071258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48288679122924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4547351002693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.41178083419799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3960227966308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32190096378326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1887151002883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10917553305625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07823270559310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10758-016-9291-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-016-9291-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10758-016-9291-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764582272","display_name":"Technology Knowledge and Learning","issn_l":"2211-1662","issn":["2211-1662","2211-1670"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10758-016-9291-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-016-9291-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10758-016-9291-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764582272","display_name":"Technology Knowledge and Learning","issn_l":"2211-1662","issn":["2211-1662","2211-1670"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333063","display_name":"Stanford Bio-X","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2520153592.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2520153592.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7933696","https://openalex.org/W80358442","https://openalex.org/W219092171","https://openalex.org/W242266841","https://openalex.org/W1482981243","https://openalex.org/W1599205789","https://openalex.org/W1815090327","https://openalex.org/W1963943954","https://openalex.org/W1976637107","https://openalex.org/W1978941942","https://openalex.org/W1980129559","https://openalex.org/W1981280239","https://openalex.org/W1984880934","https://openalex.org/W1985519438","https://openalex.org/W1985962682","https://openalex.org/W1987552834","https://openalex.org/W1990341470","https://openalex.org/W1990715088","https://openalex.org/W1993729325","https://openalex.org/W1999083897","https://openalex.org/W2012679483","https://openalex.org/W2032694829","https://openalex.org/W2045004201","https://openalex.org/W2046250812","https://openalex.org/W2054393880","https://openalex.org/W2062503636","https://openalex.org/W2065739756","https://openalex.org/W2066738344","https://openalex.org/W2071160116","https://openalex.org/W2074197417","https://openalex.org/W2084342166","https://openalex.org/W2093782067","https://openalex.org/W2094038201","https://openalex.org/W2103571824","https://openalex.org/W2106370146","https://openalex.org/W2107261751","https://openalex.org/W2109070640","https://openalex.org/W2116574667","https://openalex.org/W2119305161","https://openalex.org/W2119896685","https://openalex.org/W2121656285","https://openalex.org/W2126664319","https://openalex.org/W2129882844","https://openalex.org/W2133527764","https://openalex.org/W2153392501","https://openalex.org/W2164284962","https://openalex.org/W2262682754","https://openalex.org/W2306686872","https://openalex.org/W2400019455","https://openalex.org/W2487294401","https://openalex.org/W2488761131","https://openalex.org/W3036315067","https://openalex.org/W3123982675","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4295192675","https://openalex.org/W6662029522","https://openalex.org/W6693158935","https://openalex.org/W6779808145"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2733753409","https://openalex.org/W4236696095","https://openalex.org/W2740144240","https://openalex.org/W3143779693","https://openalex.org/W2626808643","https://openalex.org/W2004064826","https://openalex.org/W4249408726","https://openalex.org/W2067113104","https://openalex.org/W3103727510","https://openalex.org/W3196817267"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Technology":[0],"is":[1],"changing":[2],"the":[3,15,28,48,119,123,127,132,147,161],"way":[4],"students":[5,21,65,140,155,166],"interact":[6],"with":[7,23,164],"knowledge,":[8],"and":[9,59,81,115,153],"openended":[10,191],"activities":[11,69,202],"are":[12],"one":[13],"of":[14,18,30,50,91,108,118,126,180,186,196],"main":[16],"types":[17,179],"tasks":[19],"that":[20,102],"engage":[22],"in":[24,36,122,188,203],"technologyrich":[25],"environments.":[26,206],"However,":[27],"amount":[29],"guidance":[31],"needed":[32],"to":[33,138,157],"promote":[34],"learning":[35,201],"these":[37],"environments":[38],"remains":[39],"unknown.":[40],"We":[41,85,99,193],"explore":[42],"this":[43,63],"issue":[44],"by":[45,111,160],"focusing":[46],"on":[47,55,95],"effects":[49],"stepby-step":[51],"versus":[52],"generic":[53,135],"instructions":[54,136,162],"student's":[56],"exploratory":[57],"behavior":[58],"arousal":[60],"levels.":[61],"In":[62],"experiment,":[64],"completed":[66],"three":[67],"computer-based":[68],"within":[70],"a":[71,76,79,82,112,116,142,189],"physics":[72],"simulation":[73],"software:":[74],"building":[75,78],"tower,":[77],"bridge":[80],"free":[83],"task.":[84,192],"did":[86],"not":[87],"find":[88],"any":[89],"effect":[90],"our":[92],"experimental":[93],"manipulation":[94],"students'":[96,184],"task":[97,128,148],"performance.":[98],"found,":[100],"however,":[101],"detailed":[103],"instruction":[104,181],"induced":[105],"higher":[106],"level":[107,121],"activation":[109,120,187],"followed":[110],"relaxation":[113,144],"phase":[114],"recovery":[117],"last":[124],"segment":[125],"(U-shaped":[129],"curve).":[130],"On":[131],"other":[133],"hand,":[134],"seemed":[137],"lead":[139],"into":[141],"continuous":[143],"pattern":[145],"along":[146],"(decreasing":[149],"slope).":[150],"Moreover,":[151],"low":[152],"high-aroused":[154,165],"appear":[156],"be":[158],"affected":[159],"differently,":[163],"at":[167],"baseline":[168],"showing":[169],"less":[170],"cognitive":[171],"flexibility.":[172],"Finally,":[173],"we":[174],"observed":[175],"carryover":[176],"effects,":[177],"where":[178],"kept":[182],"influencing":[183],"levels":[185],"following":[190],"discuss":[194],"implications":[195],"those":[197],"results":[198],"for":[199],"designing":[200],"constructionist,":[204],"technology-rich":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T08:27:34.040176","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
