{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415853515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-025-09815-4","title":"Proximal Policy Optimization for Vehicular Big Data Offloading Across Edge, Regional, and Cloud Layers","display_name":"Proximal Policy Optimization for Vehicular Big Data Offloading Across Edge, Regional, and Cloud Layers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415853515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-025-09815-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10723-025-09815-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-025-09815-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140218187","display_name":"Journal of Grid Computing","issn_l":"1570-7873","issn":["1570-7873","1572-9184"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Grid Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080715651","display_name":"Tariq Alsahfi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4299-1626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Alsahfi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Technology, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Technology, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078441391","display_name":"Afzal Badshah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3444-4609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160968435","display_name":"University of Sargodha","ror":"https://ror.org/0086rpr26","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Afzal Badshah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087092240","display_name":"Raed Alsini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-575X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raed Alsini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024791801","display_name":"Fouad Shoie Alallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1569-8558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fouad Shoie Alallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059183959","display_name":"Wafi Bedewi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6450-7968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wafi Bedewi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084703478","display_name":"Ali Daud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-6354"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Daud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Resilience, Rabdan Academy, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Resilience, Rabdan Academy, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078441391","https://openalex.org/A5080715651"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160968435","https://openalex.org/I4210099699"],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9922,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88551351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.5001000165939331,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.5001000165939331,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.19910000264644623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.08460000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.5719000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.4645000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-congestion","display_name":"Network congestion","score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.4049000144004822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8967999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6517000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.5719000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.4645000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195563490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180368","display_name":"Network congestion","level":3,"score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153740404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671224","display_name":"Data center","level":2,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19012869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578372","display_name":"Response time","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149672232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337048","display_name":"Adaptive optimization","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.258899986743927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10723-025-09815-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-025-09815-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140218187","display_name":"Journal of Grid Computing","issn_l":"1570-7873","issn":["1570-7873","1572-9184"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Grid Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891713004","https://openalex.org/W2914506313","https://openalex.org/W3011340359","https://openalex.org/W3119693540","https://openalex.org/W3130337639","https://openalex.org/W3134357852","https://openalex.org/W3182866472","https://openalex.org/W3188452735","https://openalex.org/W3217539601","https://openalex.org/W4210875011","https://openalex.org/W4220940407","https://openalex.org/W4224227207","https://openalex.org/W4229002088","https://openalex.org/W4281557862","https://openalex.org/W4285170504","https://openalex.org/W4292975045","https://openalex.org/W4312816016","https://openalex.org/W4313534844","https://openalex.org/W4362714396","https://openalex.org/W4365420256","https://openalex.org/W4383428300","https://openalex.org/W4386168845","https://openalex.org/W4388673361","https://openalex.org/W4391249105","https://openalex.org/W4391710887","https://openalex.org/W4392193638","https://openalex.org/W4394711958","https://openalex.org/W4396594868","https://openalex.org/W4397026446","https://openalex.org/W4399850164","https://openalex.org/W4400647326","https://openalex.org/W4400772258","https://openalex.org/W4401326305","https://openalex.org/W4402401301","https://openalex.org/W4402742660","https://openalex.org/W4402808836","https://openalex.org/W4403715708","https://openalex.org/W4404030114","https://openalex.org/W4404238296","https://openalex.org/W4404787817","https://openalex.org/W4406796367","https://openalex.org/W4407980624","https://openalex.org/W4408152150","https://openalex.org/W4408330161","https://openalex.org/W4408490531","https://openalex.org/W4408490733","https://openalex.org/W4408750479","https://openalex.org/W4408993203","https://openalex.org/W4409325948","https://openalex.org/W4410328928","https://openalex.org/W4410737927","https://openalex.org/W4412553123","https://openalex.org/W4413330955"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00"}